目的 了解芜湖市湾沚区托幼机构中3~6岁在园儿童健康状况及变化趋势，为促进在园儿童保健工作提供科学依据。方法 收集2024年4—6月芜湖市湾沚区57所托幼机构中9529名3~6岁儿童的体检结果，通过分析其身高、体质量、视力、口腔、心理行为，综合评估托幼机构儿童的发育情况。结果 共对9529名在园儿童进行体检，3~6岁儿童分别占19.89%、31.83%、34.40%、13.88%，男、女生分别占52.63%、47.37%。体检结果显示，龋齿、超重、视力异常、肥胖、贫血、营养不良、心理行为发育问题预警征象阳性检出率分别为19.27%、13.82%、8.65%、6.42%、6.39%、1.93%、0.62%，其中龋齿（χ {}_{趋势}^2=348.000，P<0.001）、视力异常（χ {}_{趋势}^2=292.032，P<0.001）、肥胖（χ {}_{趋势}^2=15.807，P<0.001）、营养不良（χ {}_{趋势}^2=8.795，P=0.003）检出率随年龄增长呈现上升趋势，而超重（χ {}_{趋势}^2=37.505，P<0.001）、贫血（χ {}_{趋势}^2=26.784，P<0.001）检出率随年龄增长呈现下降趋势。男、女生龋齿检出率分别为17.97%、20.71%（χ²=11.527，P=0.001），超重检出率分别为15.31%、12.16%（χ²=19.815，P<0.001），肥胖检出率分别为7.28%、5.47%（χ²=12.897，P<0.001），营养不良检出率分别为1.58%、2.33%（χ²=7.072，P=0.008），差异均有统计学意义。结论 超重、肥胖、视力不良、龋齿是芜湖市湾沚区3~6岁儿童中常见多发的健康问题，家长和托幼机构要高度重视。

Objective To understand the health status and changing trends of children aged 3 to 6 years in preschool institutions in Wanzhi District of Wuhu, and to provide scientific basis for taking corresponding intervention measures to promote the health care work of children in preschool institutions. Methods The physical examination results of 9 529 children aged 3 to 6 years from 57 preschool institutions in Wanzhi District of Wuhu were collected from April to June in 2024. The development status of children in preschool institutions was comprehensively evaluated by analyzing their height, weight, vision, oral health, and psychological behavior development. Results A total of 9 529 children were examined, with those aged 3-6 years accounting for 19.89%, 31.83%, 34.40% and 13.88%, respectively. Males and females accounted for 52.63% and 47.37%, respectively. Examination results showed that the detection rates of dental caries, overweight, visual abnormalities, obesity, anemia, malnutrition, and positive warning signs of psychological behavior development problems were 19.27%, 13.82%, 8.65%, 6.42%, 6.39%, 1.93%and 0.62%, respectively. Among them, the detection rates of dental caries (χ {}_{trend}^2=348.000, P<0.001), visual abnormalities (χ {}_{trend}^2=292.032, P<0.001), obesity (χ {}_{trend}^2=15.807, P<0.001), and malnutrition (χ {}_{trend}^2=8.795, P=0.003) increased with age, and the detection rates of overweight (χ {}_{trend}^2=37.505, P<0.001), anemia (χ {}_{trend}^2=26.784, P<0.001) decreased by age. In male and female students, the detection rates of dental caries were 17.97% and 20.71% (χ²=11.527, P=0.001), the detection rates of overweight were 15.31% and 12.16% (χ²=19.815, P<0.001), the detection rates of obesity were 7.28% and 5.47% (χ²=12.897, P<0.001), and the detection rates of malnutrition were 1.58% and 2.33% (χ²=7.072, P=0.008), the differences were statistically significant. Conclusion In Wanzhi District of Wuhu City, overweight, obesity, poor eyesight, and dental caries are common health issues among children aged 3 to 6 years. Both parents and preschool institutions should prioritize these concerns.