Since the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was reported in China in 1985, the epidemic of AIDS has undergone a complex evolution from an imported period, a diffusion period, to a generalized epidemic phase predominantly driven by sexual transmission. This article systematically reviews epidemic evolution, stage-specific characteristics, major achievements of prevention and control strategies, and current challenges of the AIDS in China. Through in-depth analysis of the national policies evolution, improvements of surveillance and detection system, expansion of treatment and care services, deepening of public health education, and coordinated prevention and control of multiple diseases, the important experience of AIDS prevention and control in China is summarized. In light of challenges such as difficulties in prevention and control of key populations, delayed detection, uneven prevention and control capabilities, and so on, the direction for future prevention and control work is discussed. It emphasizes the need to advance targeted interventions, strengthen system integration, and promote co-governance involving all sectors of society, thereby offering insights for achieving the goal of ending the AIDS epidemic.

Objective To establish a surveillance and early warning indicator system for key infectious diseases in Anhui Province, and standardize the construction and application of surveillance and early warning system. Methods A preliminary framework of the indicator system was developed through literature review and focus group discussions. Eighteen experts from within and outside Anhui Province were invited to conduct a Delphi expert consultation to score indicators at all levels. The final indicator system was determined based on screening criteria and expert suggestions, and the weights of each indicator were calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process. Results The positive coefficients of two rounds of expert consultations were both 100%, and the authority coefficients were both ≥0.91. The Kendall’s coordination coefficients of each index ranged from 0.249 to 0.377 (all P<0.05). The final monitoring and early warning indicator system consisted of 3 first-level indicators, 9 second-level indicators, and 43 third-level indicators. The indicators with the highest weights at the first, second, and third levels were “surveillance and early warning indicators for outbreak/epidemic risk factors”“disease surveillance and public health emergency reports” and “pathogen carrier rates and population density changes of vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and rodents”, respectively. Conclusion The surveillance and early warning indicator system for key infectious diseases constructed in this study has certain scientificity and rationality. In the future, through field application verification, the indicator system will be continuously improved to provide theoretical references for the early detection and warning of key infectious diseases in Anhui Province.

Objective To understand the current status of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccination among target children in Fujian Province, and to provide evidence for improving vaccination coverage and formulating prevention strategies against EV-A71 infection. Methods The stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select children born between 2012 and 2023 from nine prefecture-level cities and Pingtan Comprehensive Pilot Zone in Fujian Province as study subjects. Data were collected through the Fujian Provincial Immunization Planning Information System, and descriptive epidemiological methods were applied to analyze EV-A71 vaccination rates. Results A total of 4 161 children were surveyed. The first-dose vaccination rate for EV-A71 vaccine was 47.92% (1 994/4 161), and the full-course vaccination rate was 44.32% (1 844/4 161). Significant differences in full-course vaccination rates were observed by age and region: among different age groups, the highest rate was observed in the 24-35-month group (72.15%)(χ²=748.216, P<0.001); regionally, Quanzhou had the highest rate (59.25%), while Zhangzhou had the lowest rate (34.43%) (χ²=122.664, P<0.001). From 2017 to 2023, the actual vaccination rate increased from 10.65% to 27.85% (χ²_trend=58.602, P<0.001). The timely vaccination rate (6-11 months of age) was 30.39% (606/1 994), and 90.92% of children received their first dose before three years old. Among those who completed the full course, 73.70% (1 359/1 844) had appropriate interval between doses (28-59 days) as recommended by the guidelines. Conclusion The EV-A71 vaccination rate among children in Fujian Province remains relatively low, but shows an upward trend, with disparities across different age groups and regions. It is recommended to include EV-A71 vaccine verification in school entry health examinations or integrate it into child healthcare service packages to enhance coverage among key populations.

Objective To understand the lung health status and influencing factors of dust-exposed workers in Guizhou Province in 2023, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis in Guizhou Province. Methods The relevant data of 1 634 dust-exposed workers in Guizhou Province in 2023 were derived from the Occupational Disease and Occupational Health Information Monitoring System and the Workplace Occupational Disease Hazard Factors Monitoring System, which were both subsystems of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The abnormal rates of chest X-ray and pulmonary function were calculated. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results The abnormal rate of chest X-ray of dust-exposed workers was 9.73% (159/1 634), the abnormal rate of pulmonary function was 18.91% (309/1 634), and the rate of pneumoconiosis-like changes was 2.51% (41/1 634). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, and dust type were independent influencing factors for abnormal chest X-ray (all P<0.05). The risk of abnormal chest X-ray in workers aged 35-44, 45-54, and ≥55 was 6.213 times, 18.915 times, and 20.132 times higher than that of workers aged 18-34, respectively. The risk of abnormal chest X-ray in males was 3.685 times higher than that in females. The risk of abnormal chest X-ray of workers exposed to silica dust and cement dust was 4.517 times and 4.003 times higher than that of workers exposed to other types of dust, respectively. Dust concertration and dust type were independent influencing factors for abnormal pulmonary function. The risk of abnormal pulmonary function among workers exposed to dust with concentrations exceeding the standard was 1.470 times higher than that of workers exposed to dust with concentrations not exceeding the standard. The risk of abnormal pulmonary function of dust-exposed workers exposed to cement dust was 2.101 times higher than that of workers exposed to other types of dust. Conclusion Age, gender, and dust type are the main influencing factors for abnormal chest X-ray in dust-exposed workers. Dust concertration and dust type, are the main influencing factors for abnormal pulmonary function in dust-exposed workers. The supervision and management of key industries and key populations should be strengthened to reduce the incidence of pneumoconiosis and protect the health of workers.

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is one of the leading causes of death among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, significantly impacting disease progression and clinical outcomes. Studies have shown that AECOPD accelerates the decline in lung function and increases the risk of mortality. This article conducts a systematic review to provide an in-depth analysis of the research progress in the epidemiological characteristics, related risk factors, and prevention and treatment strategies of AECOPD. The results indicate that the frequency of AECOPD is closely associated with factors such as age, gender, and the degree of lung function impairment, while respiratory infections, smoking, air pollution, and comorbidities are its major risk factors. In terms of prevention and treatment, personalized management strategies based on risk stratification, as well as novel treatment models, demonstrate significant application value. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the early prevention and standardized management of AECOPD in clinical practice, and to offer references for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2024, and to provide evidence for formulating precise prevention and control strategies. Methods The data of cases with genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou from 2013 to 2024 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to analyze the temporal, population, and geographical distribution. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of incidence rate, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed by using GeoDa 1. 20. 0 software. Results From 2013 to 2024, a total of 1 970 cases of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection were reported in Xuzhou, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 1.84/100 000. The overall reported incidence showed a significant increasing trend (AAPC=15.91%, 95%CI：6.00-31.96, P=0.003). Most cases were female (65.23%), aged 20-29 years (41.02%), and whose occupations were predominantly homemakers/unemployed individuals (45.18%) and farmers (34.21%). The highest and lowest average annual incidence rates were observed in Yunlong District (3.40/100 000) and Feng County (0.77/100 000), respectively. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated a positive spatial correlation of reported incidence rates in the years 2016 and 2021-2024 (Global Moran’s I >0, all P<0.05), suggested spatial clustering effects. Conclusion The reported incidence rate of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou increased from 2013 to 2024, with evident spatial clustering characteristics.

Objective To analyze the monitoring results and trends of occupational hazard factors in key industry workplaces in Lu’an from 2019 to 2023, and to provide basis for the prevention and control of occupational hazards. Methods The monitoring data on occupational hazard factors in key industry workplaces in Lu’an from 2019 to 2023 were collected. The number of enterprises monitored, sampling points, and qualification rates across different years, enterprise sizes, economic types, industries, and districts were statistically analyzed. Results From 2019 to 2023, a total of 760 enterprises were monitored, with 9 746 testing points. The monitored enterprises were predominantly small and micro businesses (87.23%, 663/760), manufacturing industries (88.29%, 671/760), and privately-owned economic entities (95.13%, 723/760). The overall qualification rate was 73.93% (7 205/9 746). The qualification rates for dust, chemical toxicants, and noise detection points were 65.30% (1 833/2 807), 91.84% (1 271/1 384), and 73.83% (4 101/5 555), respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ²=338.671, P<0.001). The mining industry detection points had the lowest detection points qualification rate (54.01%, 640/1 185), and silica dust was the hazard factor of the lowest qualification rate (57.36%, 1 196/2 085). Significant differences in qualification rates detection points were observed across different enterprise scales (χ²=60.429, P<0.001), economic types (χ²=19.082, P=0.001), industries (χ²=284.036, P<0.001), and counties/districts (χ²=360.628, P<0.001). Conclusion Dust and noise are the primary occupational hazard factors in Lu’an. It is recommended to prioritize supervision and control measures targeting the mining industry and its silica dust operation posts.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Liupanshui of Guizhou Province from 2019 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of brucellosis. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis cases in Liupanshui from 2019 to 2023. Results From 2019 to 2023,the incidence rates of human brucellosis in Liupanshui were 0.27/100 000, 0.20/100 000, 0.46/100 000, 0.89/100 000 and 0.86/100 000, respectively, showed an upward trend (χ {}_{trend}^2=18.983, P<0.001), and a total of 81 cases of human brucellosis were reported. The reported cases were mainly male, accounting for 69.14% (56/81), and the age of onset was mainly 40-<65 years old, accounting for 65.43% (53/81). The occupation was mainly farmers, accounting for 64.20% (52/81), and the regional distribution was mainly in Panzhou, accounting for 69.14% (56/81). The clinical symptoms of brucellosis cases were mainly fever, muscle and joint pain, and fatigue, accounting for 81.48% (66/81), 76.54% (62/81), and 60.49% (49/81), respectively. The time interval from the onset to diagnosis was 10 (4, 20) days. There was no statistically significant difference in the time interval from the onset to diagnosis among different years (H=4.060, P=0.398). The infection of the cases might mainly originate from sheep, and 79.01% (64/81) of them had a history of contact with sheep. Conclusion The incidence of human brucellosis in Liupanshui is on the rise, with the age of onset is mainly 40-<65 years old. The affected population is mainly male and mainly sheep farmers who have contact with sheep. A relatively large number of cases have been reported in Panzhou.

Objective To understand the physical examination rate and its influencing factors of patients with severe mental disorders in Qingyang, thereby providing a basis for enhancing the physical examination rate of such patients. Methods The data of patients with serious mental disorders registered in Qingyang in 2022 and the results of physical examination in 2022 were downloaded from the Gansu Province Mental Health Surveillance Information System. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing participation in health physical examination. Results In 2022, 12 063 patients with severe mental disorders were registered in Qingyang, and 7 847 cases underwent free health physical examination, with physical examination rate of 65.050%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were positively associated with patients’ participation in physical examination: age: 18-44 years (OR=1.537, 95%CI: 1.132-2.086), 45-59 years (OR=1.642, 95%CI: 1.192-2.261), ≥60 years (OR=2.671, 95%CI: 1.902-3.752); per capita net income ≤8 000 yuan/years (OR=1.164, 95%CI: 1.070-1.266); age at onset: 45-59 years (OR=1.266, 95%CI: 1.081-1.483), ≥60 years (OR=1.948, 95%CI: 1.510-2.514); diagnosis: mental retardation accompanied by mental disorders (OR=2.475, 95%CI: 1.553-3.944), mental disorders due to epilepsy (OR=2.685, 95%CI: 1.677-4.299), bipolar affective disorder (OR=1.976, 95%CI: 1.246-3.133), schizophrenia (OR=1.638, 95%CI: 1.046-2.564), and schizo affective disorder (OR=2.022, 95%CI: 1.207-3.387). The following factors were negatively correlated with patients’ participation in physical examination: marital status: unmarried (OR=0.750, 95%CI: 0.663-0.848), divorced (OR=0.673, 95%CI: 0.563-0.804), widowed (OR=0.700, 95%CI: 0.559-0.876); education level: primary school (OR=0.856, 95%CI: 0.772-0.951), junior high school (OR=0.721, 95%CI: 0.640-0.811), senior high school or technical secondary school (OR=0.589, 95%CI: 0.493-0.702), college and above (OR=0.581, 95%CI: 0.447-0.757), occupation was non-farmer (OR=0.745, 95%CI: 0.651-0.853); guardian type: relatives as guardians (OR=0.759, 95%CI: 0.649-0.887), no guardian or other guardians (OR=0.772, 95%CI: 0.654-0.912). Conclusion The physical examination rate of patients with severe mental disorders in Qingyang needs to be further improved. It is necessary to strengthen the mental health resources of community/township medical and health institutions, improve the physical examination items, and focus on unsupervised, weakly supervised, and unmarried patients to promote their active participation in health examinations.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan from 2019 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention of such outbreaks. Methods Surveillance data on foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan from 2019 to 2023 were collected and subjected to descriptive epidemiological analysis. Results A total of 60 foodborne disease outbreak events were reported in Huainan from 2019 to 2023, 312 individuals exposed, with 200 cases of illness, the incidence rate was 64.10%, and 2 cases died. The second and third quarters were the peak seasons for foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan, accounting for 88.33% (53/60) of the total reported events, and 91.00% (182/200) of the total reported cases. Households were the main sites of these outbreaks, contributing to 56.67% (34/60) of the total reported events. The events with identified pathogenic factors accounted for 53.33% (32/60) of the total reported incidents, with the primary causative agents being toadstool, representing 26.67% (16/60) of the total reported incidents. Conclusion Foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan are primarily reported during the second and third quarters, occur mainly in household settings, the identified pathogenic factors are toadstool.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella in Nan’an of Fujian Province from 2015 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for developing prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze varicella case reports from 2015 to 2023 in Nan’an extracted from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Results A total of 9 989 varicella cases were reported in Nan’an from 2015 to 2023, with an average annual incidence rate of 67.96/100 000, showed an overall upward trend (χ {}_{trend}^2=3 102.630, P<0.001). In terms of temporal distribution,varicella incidence showed a bimodal distribution, with the peaks occurring from May to July and from October to January of the following year, accounting for 20.25% (2 023/9 989) and 58.97% (5 891/9 989) of reported cases, respectively. The highest number of cases was reported in December, accounting for 22.34% (2 231/9 989). In terms of geographical distribution, Luncang Town, Liucheng Street, and Honglai Town were the top three in number of reported cases, accounting for 17.42% (1 740/9 989), 13.08% (1 307/9 989), and 12.69% (1 268/9 989), respectively. In terms of population distribution, the reported cases were mainly concentrated in children aged 0 to 14 years, accounting for 79.90% (7 981/9 989), among which the highest incidence rate was observed in the 5 to 9 years old group (316.39/100 000). From 2014 to 2022, the vaccination rate of the first dose of varicella vaccine in the birth cohort of Nan’an fluctuated between 40.56% and 71.65%, and the vaccination rate of the second dose was between 6.71% and 11.47%. Conclusion The reported incidence rate of varicella in Nan’an is on the rise, showing a bimodal distribution. The affected population is mainly children under 15 years old, and the occupation is mainly students. The vaccination rate, especially for the second dose, is low.

Objective To analyze the mortality characteristics and disease burden trends of malignant tumors in Youyang County of Chongqing, and to provide basis for developing prevention and control strategies. Methods Data from 2012 to 2023 were collected through the cause-of-death surveillance system of Youyang County, indicators such as mortality rate, standardized mortality, years of life lost (YLL), YLL rate, average years of life lost (AYLL), and potential years of life lost (PYLL) were calculated. The annual percentage change (APC) was used to analyze the trends of malignant tumor mortality and disease burden. Results From 2012 to 2023, the crude mortality of malignant tumors in Youyang County increased from 88.23/100 000 to 163.99/100 000 (APC=3.77%, t=2.870, P=0.017). Both males (APC=3.67%, t=2.771, P=0.020) and females (APC=3.77%, t=2.888, P=0.016) showed significant increase, but the standardized mortality remained stable (P>0.05). In terms of age distribution, the mortality in the 15-<45 age group was decreased (APC=-6.11%, t=-3.948, P=0.003), and the mortality in the ≥65 age group was the highest (623.57/100 000). The AYLL was 25.07 years, and showed a downward trend (APC=-1.49%, t=-7.502, P<0.001). The YLL rate was 34.61‰, and remained stable (APC=2.22%, t=1.767, P=0.108), and the PYLL ranged from 1.62 to 2.47 years (APC=0.80, t=0.574, P=0.579). Conclusion The mortality of malignant tumors in Youyang County is on the rise, males and the elderly are the key target populations for prevention and control of malignant tumors in Youyang County.

Objective To analyze the mortality characteristics and life loss trends of malignant tumors among residents in Dantu District of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province, and to provide basis for the government to formulate targeted prevention and control measures. Methods Indicators such as mortality, standardized mortality, cause of death ranking, probability of premature death, potential years of life lost (PYLL), and average years of life lost (AYLL) were used to analyze the data of malignant tumor death in Dantu District. Results From 2012 to 2023, the average mortality of malignant tumors among residents in Dantu District was 289.31/100 000, showed an increasing trend (AAPC=1.59%, P=0.004), while the standardized mortality was 124.27/100 000, showed a decreasing trend (AAPC=-2.69%, P<0.001). The mortality exhibited an increasing trend with the increase of age (P<0.001). The top five causes of death from malignant tumors were gastric cancer (24.67%), lung cancer (18.47%), esophageal cancer (16.07%), liver cancer (11.00%), and colorectal cancer (6.63%), accounting for 76.84% of all deaths caused by malignant tumors. The PYLL analysis showed that the PYLL for malignant tumors was 44 389.5 person-years, the PYLLR was 14.27‰. The top five PYLL for the entire population were gastric cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, and colorectal cancer. The AYLL for malignant tumors was 9.83 years, leukemia had the highest AYLL, cervical cancer and breast cancer ranked second and third in female AYLL. Conclusion The prevention and control situation of malignant tumors in Dantu District remains severe. Gastrointestinal tumors and lung cancer are the main disease burdens. It is suggested to pay attention to men and the elderly, and strengthen the early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer and cervical cancer, and carry out targeted prevention and control measures.

Objective To understand the health status and changing trends of children aged 3 to 6 years in preschool institutions in Wanzhi District of Wuhu, and to provide scientific basis for taking corresponding intervention measures to promote the health care work of children in preschool institutions. Methods The physical examination results of 9 529 children aged 3 to 6 years from 57 preschool institutions in Wanzhi District of Wuhu were collected from April to June in 2024. The development status of children in preschool institutions was comprehensively evaluated by analyzing their height, weight, vision, oral health, and psychological behavior development. Results A total of 9 529 children were examined, with those aged 3-6 years accounting for 19.89%, 31.83%, 34.40% and 13.88%, respectively. Males and females accounted for 52.63% and 47.37%, respectively. Examination results showed that the detection rates of dental caries, overweight, visual abnormalities, obesity, anemia, malnutrition, and positive warning signs of psychological behavior development problems were 19.27%, 13.82%, 8.65%, 6.42%, 6.39%, 1.93%and 0.62%, respectively. Among them, the detection rates of dental caries (χ {}_{trend}^2=348.000, P<0.001), visual abnormalities (χ {}_{trend}^2=292.032, P<0.001), obesity (χ {}_{trend}^2=15.807, P<0.001), and malnutrition (χ {}_{trend}^2=8.795, P=0.003) increased with age, and the detection rates of overweight (χ {}_{trend}^2=37.505, P<0.001), anemia (χ {}_{trend}^2=26.784, P<0.001) decreased by age. In male and female students, the detection rates of dental caries were 17.97% and 20.71% (χ²=11.527, P=0.001), the detection rates of overweight were 15.31% and 12.16% (χ²=19.815, P<0.001), the detection rates of obesity were 7.28% and 5.47% (χ²=12.897, P<0.001), and the detection rates of malnutrition were 1.58% and 2.33% (χ²=7.072, P=0.008), the differences were statistically significant. Conclusion In Wanzhi District of Wuhu City, overweight, obesity, poor eyesight, and dental caries are common health issues among children aged 3 to 6 years. Both parents and preschool institutions should prioritize these concerns.

Objective To understand the infection status of Bandavirus dabieense in Dingyuan County in Anhui Province in 2022, and to provide scientific basis for disease prevention and control. Methods Nucleic acid test was carried out on serum samples of suspected Bandavirus dabieense infection cases reported by medical institutions in Dingyuan County by fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR. Meanwhile, demographic data of suspected Bandavirus dabieense infection cases were collected, and SPSSPRO was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 55 suspected cases of Bandavirus dabieense infection were collected, and 26 cases tested positive for Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid, with a positive detection rate of 47.27%. The peak of Bandavirus dabieense infection occurred from May to August, with the number of Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid positive cases accounting for 73.08% (19/26) of the year. In terms of gender distribution, the positive detection rate of males was 40.00% (12/30), and the positive detection rate of females was 56.00% (14/25), with no statistically significant difference (χ²=1.401, P=0.237). In terms of age distribution, the detection rate of Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid positivity was 64.00% (16/25) among those aged 60 years and above, followed by those aged 50-59 years with a positive rate of 39.13% (9/23). The difference in positive rates between different age groups was statistically significant (χ²=6.248, P=0.045). In terms of regional distribution, the positive detection rate of Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid in Fuxiao Town was 84.62% (11/13), followed by Outang Town and Jiepai Town, both with a positive detection rate of 45.45% (5/11), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=11.852, P=0.047). Among the positive cases detected for the Bandavirus dabieense, 96.15% (25/26) were farmers. Conclusion The Bandavirus dabieense infection in Dingyuan County is mainly among people aged 60 and above, with farmers as the main population. In addition, Bandavirus dabieense infection has obvious seasonal and regional characteristics.

Objective To understand the lighting conditions and teaching and living environments of classrooms in primary and secondary schools in Bozhou, and to provide a theoretical basis for relevant departments to formulate intervention measures. Methods A total of 433 primary and secondary schools (361 primary schools, 64 junior high schoolsand 8 senior high schools) in Bozhou were selected from 2022 to 2023 by stratified random sampling method. Two classrooms were randomly inspected in each school to monitor indicators related to classroom lighting, teaching and living environments. The qualification rates of these indicators were calculated, and chi-square tests were conducted. Results The qualification rates of classroom lighting and illumination indicators in primary and secondary schools of Bozhou from 2022 to 2023, in descending order, were as follows:lighting direction (99.77%, 432/433), anti-glare measures (98.85%, 428/433), installation of artificial lighting (91.22%, 395/433), blackboard local lighting setup (74.83%, 324/433), window-to-floor area ratio (74.13%, 321/433), desk surface illuminance (72.29%, 313/433), desk surface uniformity (72.06%, 312/433), blackboard uniformity (69.28%, 300/433), blackboard illuminance (67.44%, 292/433). There was a statistically significant difference in the qualification rate of blackboard uniformity among primary schools (69.53%), junior high schools (75.00%) and senior high schools (25.00%) (χ²=8.389, P=0.015). The qualification rates of teaching and living environment indicators in primary and secondary schools of Bozhou, in descending order, were as follows: classroom ventilation facilities (99.08%, 429/433), desk and chair provision (90.30%, 391/433), per capita classroom area (72.98%, 316/433), and toilet and handwashing facility setup in teaching buildings (53.12%, 230/433). There were statistically significant differences in the qualification rates of desk and chair provision (primary schools 91.97%, junior high schools 89.06%, senior high schools 25.00%) (χ²=40.203, P=0.001), per capita classroom area (primary schools 75.07%, junior high schools 65.63%, senior high schools 37.50%) (χ²=7.662, P=0.022), and toilet and handwashing facility setup in teaching buildings (primary schools 48.75%, junior high schools 71.00%, senior high schools 100.00%) (χ²=18.864, P=0.001) among different educational stages. Conclusion The overall environmental monitoring results of primary and secondary schools in Bozhou are good. However, the qualification rates for blackboard uniformity, desk and chair provision, and per capita classroom area in senior high schools are relatively low.

Objective To analyze the rural drinking water sanitation status in Bengbu from 2019 to 2022, and to provide scientific basis for improving the rural drinking water sanitation status. Methods The monitoring data of rural drinking water in Bengbu from 2019 to 2022 were collected, and the water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the quality of rural drinking water. Results A total of 1 259 rural water samples were tested, the median (P₂₅, P₇₅) of WQI was 0.63 (0.52, 0.76). The excellent water quality rate was 94.36%, showed an upward trend year by year (χ {}_{trend }^2=27.515, P<0.001). The excellent water quality rate during the dry season was higher than that during the wet season (χ²=9.287, P=0.020). The excellent water quality rate of large-scale water supply projects (daily water supply≥1 000 m³) was higher than that of small-scale water supply projects (daily water supply<1 000 m³) (χ²=20.075, P<0.001). The excellent water quality rate of using disinfection equipment as required was higher than that of not using disinfection equipment as required (χ²=29.639, P<0.001). The main influencing indicators of water quality and sanitation status were fluoride, oxygen consumption, and total bacterial count. Conclusion The rural drinking water quality in Bengbu from 2019 to 2022 is good. The water quality is mainly affected by the type of water period, the scale of the water supply project, and whether the disinfection equipment was used as required.

Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of avian influenza viruses in external environments of poultry-related settings in Fuyang from 2019 to 2023, and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of avian influenza in Fuyang. Methods Samples from the external environment of urban and rural live poultry markets, large-scale poultry (including waterfowl) farms, and rural free-range households in Fuyang were collected from 2019 to 2023. Real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR was used for nucleic acid detection of the avian influenza virus, and the positive rate was calculated and chi-square test was conducted. Results A total of 1 164 samples of the external environment of avian influenza were collected in Fuyang from 2019 to 2023, 594 samples were positive for type A influenza virus nucleic acid, with a positive rate of 51.03%. Among these, the H9 subtype accounted for the highest proportion (96.13%, 571/594). The positive rates of external environment monitoring for avian influenza in Fuyang from 2019 to 2023 were 49.82% (136/273), 67.06% (57/85), 57.01% (126/221), 53.33% (96/180), and 44.20% (179/405), respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ²=20.014, P<0.001). The results of external environment monitoring for avian influenza showed that the top three months with the highest positive rates were January (77.14%, 54/70), February (67.78%, 61/90), and May (65.71%, 46/70). The top three counties (cities, districts) with the highest positive rates were Yingzhou District (60.63%, 97/160), Jieshou City (53.38%, 284/532), Yingdong District (48.57%, 34/70), and Yingshang County (48.57%, 17/35). The top three sample types in order of positive rate were poultry drinking water (71.74%, 66/92), swab samples from feather cleaning machines (57.26%, 67/117), and sewage from cleaning poultry (56.50%, 100/177). Conclusion The positive rate of avian influenza virus in the external environment of poultry trading markets in Fuyang is relatively high, posing a risk of human infection with the avian influenza virus. It is recommended to strengthen management measures in poultry trading markets.

Objective To establish a simple, fast, wide linear range, accurate and sensitive method for the determination of urea in swimming pool water. Methods According to Examination Methods for Public Places-Part 2: Chemical Pollutants (GB/T 18204. 2-2014) (hereinafter referred to as the national standard method), the water bath time, types and concentrations of reagents, standard series, etc. were optimized. The urea content in swimming pool water was measured by using spectrophotometer for methodological evaluation. Results The concentration range of improved national standard method (referred to as the improved method) was 0-3.50 mg/L, the correlation coefficient was 0.999 8, the relative standard deviation (RSD, n=6) was 1.17%-4.75%, the recovery rate was 97.61%-103.06%, and the detection limit of the method was 0.082 mg/L. There was no statistically significant difference between the improved method and the national standard method for measuring the urea content in 43 swimming pool water samples (Z=‒0.013, P=0.990). Conclusion Improved method has high precision and accuracy, wide linear range, short heating time, stable color products, and is suitable for quantitative detection of urea in swimming pool water.