Objective To understand the prevalence of chronic diseases and its influencing factors among residents in 2020 in Anhui Province,2020. Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey among residents over 18 years old.A total of 8,273 residents from 14 counties/districts in Anhui Province were selected to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of chronic diseases.Contingency table and multinomial logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 8273 residents in 14 counties/districts in Anhui Province were investigated.Residents' self-reported prevalence of chronic diseases from high to low were hypertension (24.0%),diabetes (6.4%),stroke (4.1%),coronary heart disease (3.9%).The prevalence of residents suffering from one,two and three or more common chronic diseases were 20.6%,6.2% and 1.7%,respectively.There were statistically significant differences in the prevalence of chronic diseases among residents of different regions (χ²=71.702,P＜0.001),different ages (χ²=1387.729,P＜0.001),different marital status (χ²=278.714,P＜0.001),different occupations survey respondents (χ²=313.963,P＜0.001),and different Body Mass Index (BMI) (χ²=114.771,P＜0.001).The older the residents were,the higher the prevalence of chronic diseases among the residents.In addition,residents with poor sleep quality had a higher prevalence of chronic diseases (47.41%).Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that being over 45 years old,widowhood,retirement,obesity,family history of chronic diseases,and poor sleep quality were risk factors for the development of chronic diseases.Moreover,the risk factors for developing multiple chronic diseases were slightly different from those for a single chronic disease. Conclusion The prevalence of common chronic diseases among adult residents in 14 counties/districts in Anhui Province in 2020 is high and influenced by many factors.