Since the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was reported in China in 1985, the epidemic of AIDS has undergone a complex evolution from an imported period, a diffusion period, to a generalized epidemic phase predominantly driven by sexual transmission. This article systematically reviews epidemic evolution, stage-specific characteristics, major achievements of prevention and control strategies, and current challenges of the AIDS in China. Through in-depth analysis of the national policies evolution, improvements of surveillance and detection system, expansion of treatment and care services, deepening of public health education, and coordinated prevention and control of multiple diseases, the important experience of AIDS prevention and control in China is summarized. In light of challenges such as difficulties in prevention and control of key populations, delayed detection, uneven prevention and control capabilities, and so on, the direction for future prevention and control work is discussed. It emphasizes the need to advance targeted interventions, strengthen system integration, and promote co-governance involving all sectors of society, thereby offering insights for achieving the goal of ending the AIDS epidemic.

Objective To establish a surveillance and early warning indicator system for key infectious diseases in Anhui Province, and standardize the construction and application of surveillance and early warning system. Methods A preliminary framework of the indicator system was developed through literature review and focus group discussions. Eighteen experts from within and outside Anhui Province were invited to conduct a Delphi expert consultation to score indicators at all levels. The final indicator system was determined based on screening criteria and expert suggestions, and the weights of each indicator were calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process. Results The positive coefficients of two rounds of expert consultations were both 100%, and the authority coefficients were both ≥0.91. The Kendall’s coordination coefficients of each index ranged from 0.249 to 0.377 (all P<0.05). The final monitoring and early warning indicator system consisted of 3 first-level indicators, 9 second-level indicators, and 43 third-level indicators. The indicators with the highest weights at the first, second, and third levels were “surveillance and early warning indicators for outbreak/epidemic risk factors”“disease surveillance and public health emergency reports” and “pathogen carrier rates and population density changes of vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and rodents”, respectively. Conclusion The surveillance and early warning indicator system for key infectious diseases constructed in this study has certain scientificity and rationality. In the future, through field application verification, the indicator system will be continuously improved to provide theoretical references for the early detection and warning of key infectious diseases in Anhui Province.

Myopia among children and adolescents in China is exhibiting a worrisome trend of high prevalence, early onset, and increasing severity, becoming a significant public health issue affecting their physical and mental health. Its etiology involves both genetic predisposition and environmental factors, among which increased time spent outdoors has been identified as a crucial and modifiable protective factor. This article reviews the impact of outdoor activities on the onset and progression of myopia, and its potential underlying mechanisms. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for formulating effective myopia prevention and control strategies.

Objective To assess the risk of various public health emergencies in Anhui Province in 2026, and propose risk management recommendations. Methods The Delphi method was used to identify risk assessment topics. Based on data of public health emergencies and infectious disease surveillance in Anhui Province from 2021 to 2025, expert consultation method was employed to evaluate risks, and identified priority levels, key focus regions and venues of each topic across different months. Results A total of 23 risk topics are required attention in Anhui Province in 2026, including 19 infectious diseases topics (82.61%) and 4 other topics (17.39%). In the first quarter of 2026, the key focuses should be on influenza, pertussis, norovirus gastroenteritis, and non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning. In the second quarter, key focuses are coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), tuberculosis, hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). In the third quarter, key focuses are COVID-19, cholera, chikungunya fever, dengue fever, acute schistosomiasis infection, foodborne disease outbreaks, and heatstroke. In the fourth quarter, key focuses are influenza, varicella (chickenpox), and human infection with novel influenza subtype. Cholera, SFTS, brucellosis, epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF), imported malaria, and acute schistosomiasis show obvious regional characteristics in terms of priority areas. Kindergartens and schools are the priority settings with the highest number of associated risk topics (10 topics), followed by households (8 topics). Risk management recommendations mainly include six aspects: deepening inter-departmental collaboration, strengthening surveillance and early warning, conducting standardized epidemic response, enhancing medical treatment and case management, promoting vaccination programs, and sustaining health education. Conclusions In 2026, the public health risks of emergencies requiring attention in Anhui Province are predominantly infectious diseases, with differences in key months, regions, and venues for various risk topics. Health emergency preparedness measures should be implemented before the peak epidemic periods. Efforts should be made to explore and establish a multi-disease prevention mechanism to ensure the effective implementation of all prevention and control measures.

Objective To understand the awareness rate of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention knowledge, behavioral characteristics, and the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among female sex workers (FSW) in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2024, and to provide reference for the local prevention and control of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among FSW. Methods A consecutive cross-sectional study was conducted to collect demographic information, awareness of AIDS prevention knowledge, and high-risk behaviors among FSW in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2024. Blood samples were also collected for HIV, syphilis, and HCV antibody testing. The relevant data of the detected objects were statistically analyzed using R 4.5.3 and Joinpoint 5.3.0 software. Results A total of 102 015 FSW were investigated from 2010 to 2024. The overall awareness rate of AIDS prevention knowledge was 88.21%, and the consistent condom use rate during commercial sex in the past month was 63.75%. The positivity rates of HIV, syphilis, and HCV antibodies were 0.06%, 2.15%, and 0.29%, respectively. A decreasing trend was observed for both syphilis (AAPC=-7.43%, 95%CI:-11.02% - -3.70%, t=-4.224，P=0.001) and HCV (AAPC=-5.62%, 95%CI:-9.06% - -2.05%, t=-3.363, P=0.005) antibody positive rates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that aged 30-<50 years, education level of primary school or below, non-local household registration, working in low-tier venues, inconsistent condom use, and lack of HIV prevention knowledge were factors associated with HIV/syphilis infection. Aged ≥50 years, divorced or widowed, non-local household registration, and working in low-tier venues were factors associated with HCV infection. Conclusion From 2010 to 2024, the infection rates of HIV and HCV among FSW in Anhui Province remained at relatively low levels, and the syphilis antibody positive rate showed a declining trend. However, it is still necessary to strengthen health education and behavioral interventions to improve awareness of prevention and testing among this population.

Although the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence and mortality, treatment interruptions and reduced adherence may undermine treatment effect and even exacerbate the spread of drug resistance. Once resistance emerges, in the absence of effective alternative drugs, the drug-resistant strains may become dominant, thereby severely limiting subsequent treatment options and increasing the risk of therapeutic failure. Despite the significant achievements made in ART in China, pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) among HIV-infected individuals is a growing concern. This article reviews the spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of PDR among HIV-infected individuals in China, focusing on trends in the reverse transcriptase and protease regions, summarizes the current status of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) resistance, and discusses related influencing factors. The findings aim to provide a reference for improving national HIV drug resistance surveillance system and optimizing prevention and control strategies.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is a major global infectious disease. The development of an effective preventive vaccine is crucial to ending the pandemic. The repeated setbacks of traditional vaccine strategies in clinical trials have highlighted the need for innovative approaches. The mRNA vaccine technology offers significant advantages, including rapid development, high production scalability, strong immunogenicity, and great flexibility in encoding diverse antigens. It enables the efficient delivery of structurally optimized HIV antigens (e.g., stable Env trimers, virus-like particles), and employs novel strategies like germline targeting and sequential immunization to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against highly variable viral strains, along with effective T-cell responses. This article reviews the antigen design strategy, delivery systems, mechanisms of action, and preclinical and clinical progress of HIV mRNA vaccine, and also offers a discussion of the current major challenges and future directions.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease events caused by toxic plants in Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2025, and to provide evidence for scientific prevention and control. Methods The data related to foodborne disease events caused by toxic plants directly reported through the network in Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2025 were collected from the National Public Health Emergency Management Information System and Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases caused by toxic plants. Results A total of 459 foodborne disease events caused by toxic plants were reported in Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2025, with 2 275 cases and 8 deaths. In terms of temporal distribution, the reporting peak occurred between 2017 and 2020, with the highest number of events reported in 2020 (66 events). The second quarter was the high-incidence period, with the highest number occurring in May (72 events). Regarding regional distribution, the top three regions with the highest number of reported events were Mianyang (91 events), Chengdu (59 events) and Liangshan (58 events). The top three pathogenic plants were kidney beans (112 events), Datura stramonium (43 events), and Gynura pseudo (39 events). Fatal cases were primarily caused by aconite (5 deaths). Households and collective canteens were the most common locations of outbreaks. Mis-collection, misuse, mistaken ingestion and improper processing and cooking were the main inducing factors. Conclusion The epidemiological characteristics of toxic plants foodborne diseases mainly manifest as seasonal distribution patterns (with incidence peaking in spring and summer) and regional clustering. The targeted health education, strengthened multi-sector coordinated supervision and enhanced capabilities in surveillance and medical treatment should be carried out to effectively prevent and control foodborne disease events caused by toxic plants in Sichuan Province.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and vector surveillance results of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in surveillance areas of Anhui Province in 2024, and to provide scientific reference for the prevention and treatment of SFTS. Methods The data of SFTS cases in 2024 from three national surveillance sites in Anhui Province (Chaohu City, Jinzhai County, and Hanshan County) were collected from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The epidemiological characteristics were analyzed by using descriptive epidemiological methods. Free-living ticks and parasitic ticks were monitored by using the cloth flag method and host tick detection method, respectively. Serum samples from healthy individuals at the monitoring sites were collected to detect IgG/IgM antibodies against the Bandavirus dabieense. Serum samples from domestic and wild animals were collected, and viral nucleic acid was detected by RT-PCR, and some samples were additionally tested for antibodies by using ELISA. Results In 2024, a total of 223 SFTS cases and 3 deaths were reported at three surveillance sites, with a mortality rate of 1.35%. The oneset time showed a bimodal distribution, with the main peak from April to July and the secondary peak from September to October. Among the cases, there were 94 males and 129 females, The age was mainly over 60 years old (79.37%, 177/223), and the occupation was mainly farmers (80.27%, 179/223). A total of 308 free-living ticks were captured, all of which were Haemaphysalis longicornis (longhorned ticks), with a density of 18.7 ticks/(hour·flag). A total of 194 animals were examined, and 1 041 parasitic ticks were captured. The proportion of Haemaphysalis longicornis was 99.04%, with a parasitic tick density of 5.37 ticks/host and a density index of 10.01 ticks/host. The tick infection rate was 53.61%. Among 1 000 serum samples from healthy individuals, the positive rates of IgG and IgM were 4.60% and 3.90%, respectively. The positive rate of antibodies detected by ELISA was 5.80% (4/69). The PT-PCR and ELISA tests for the wild animal specimens were both negative. Conclusion In 2024, the incidence of SFTS in the surveillance areas of Anhui Province showed a bimodal seasonal pattern, with elderly farmers being the main affected population. The density of free-living ticks and parasitic ticks in the environment is relatively high, with Haemaphysalis longicornis being the dominant tick species. There is a certain proportion of latent infections in healthy populations and domestic animals, and comprehensive prevention and control measures need to be further strengthened.

Objective To understand the current status of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccination among target children in Fujian Province, and to provide evidence for improving vaccination coverage and formulating prevention strategies against EV-A71 infection. Methods The stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select children born between 2012 and 2023 from nine prefecture-level cities and Pingtan Comprehensive Pilot Zone in Fujian Province as study subjects. Data were collected through the Fujian Provincial Immunization Planning Information System, and descriptive epidemiological methods were applied to analyze EV-A71 vaccination rates. Results A total of 4 161 children were surveyed. The first-dose vaccination rate for EV-A71 vaccine was 47.92% (1 994/4 161), and the full-course vaccination rate was 44.32% (1 844/4 161). Significant differences in full-course vaccination rates were observed by age and region: among different age groups, the highest rate was observed in the 24-35-month group (72.15%)(χ²=748.216, P<0.001); regionally, Quanzhou had the highest rate (59.25%), while Zhangzhou had the lowest rate (34.43%) (χ²=122.664, P<0.001). From 2017 to 2023, the actual vaccination rate increased from 10.65% to 27.85% (χ²_trend=58.602, P<0.001). The timely vaccination rate (6-11 months of age) was 30.39% (606/1 994), and 90.92% of children received their first dose before three years old. Among those who completed the full course, 73.70% (1 359/1 844) had appropriate interval between doses (28-59 days) as recommended by the guidelines. Conclusion The EV-A71 vaccination rate among children in Fujian Province remains relatively low, but shows an upward trend, with disparities across different age groups and regions. It is recommended to include EV-A71 vaccine verification in school entry health examinations or integrate it into child healthcare service packages to enhance coverage among key populations.

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is one of the leading causes of death among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, significantly impacting disease progression and clinical outcomes. Studies have shown that AECOPD accelerates the decline in lung function and increases the risk of mortality. This article conducts a systematic review to provide an in-depth analysis of the research progress in the epidemiological characteristics, related risk factors, and prevention and treatment strategies of AECOPD. The results indicate that the frequency of AECOPD is closely associated with factors such as age, gender, and the degree of lung function impairment, while respiratory infections, smoking, air pollution, and comorbidities are its major risk factors. In terms of prevention and treatment, personalized management strategies based on risk stratification, as well as novel treatment models, demonstrate significant application value. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the early prevention and standardized management of AECOPD in clinical practice, and to offer references for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies.

This paper reviews the current status, existing issues, and optimization paths of human resource allocation in China’s disease prevention and control (hereinafter referred to as disease control) system. Existing research indicates that the human resource allocation in China’s disease control system has evolved from a mere shortage in quantity to a complex situation where overall supply remains tight, team structure is imbalanced, and regional distribution is uneven. In recent years, although the scale of manpower has rebounded, there is still a shortage of backbone talents and composite talent reserves, and significant regional and intra-regional disparities persist. In the future, it is necessary to further improve talent echelon construction and financial security mechanisms, and promote the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system and differentiated allocation strategy that takes into account quantity equity, spatial accessibility, and service efficiency.

Objective To examine the current status of disease prevention and control (CDC) institutions in Anhui Province,to identify key factors that limiting the development of CDC institutions at different levels,and provide scientific strategies for promotion of the reform of the three-tier CDC system.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on 132 CDC institutions in Anhui Province regarding their infrastructure,talent team building,financial support,and scientific research from 2020 to 2022.Additionally,on-site surveys and thematic interviews were carried out in 15 CDC institutions.Results All 132 surveyed CDC institutions were public welfare category I institutions.Among them,46.21% (61/132) had inadequate basic construction area,and 59.85% (79/132) had inadequate laboratory area.The province's CDC institutions collectively had one Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory,368 BSL-2 laboratories,and a total of 18 426 laboratory instruments and equipment,with 93.47% of the equipment valued below CNY 500 000;and 31.81% (42/132) of the CDC institutions provided external technical services.The total number of approved positions in the 132 CDC institutions was 7 987,with 6 107 people actually on duty,among whom professional technical personnel accounted for 80.92%.The proportion of senior title staff in provincial,municipal,and county-level CDC institutions was 31.89% (96/301),20.29% (276/1 360),and 9.33% (306/3 281),respectively.In 2022,the financial subsidy funds of provincial disease control institutions accounted for 81.61% of the total income,with project expenditure accounted for 55.01% of the total expenditure.The average annual salary per capita for on-duty personnel in provincial,municipal,and county-level CDC institutions was CNY 157 700,CNY 135 300,and CNY 113 400,respectively.The proportions of performance-based rewards in the total income were 6.72%,8.35% and 7.76%,respectively.From 2020 to 2022,the province's CDC institutions launched 86 scientific research projects and published 532 papers.Conclusion The CDC system in Anhui Province has evident weaknesses in organizational structure,basic construction,remuneration,talent echelon building,and scientific innovation.Grassroots CDC institutions generally suffer from insufficient capacity,rigid mechanisms,and lack of motivation.

The health industry standard Determination of Fluoride in Urine-Fully Automatic Potentiometric Method (WS/T 10034-2025 )(hereinafter referred to as this standard) was issued by the National Disease Control and Prevention Administration on October 31, 2025, and will be implemented on March 1, 2026. This standard specifies a fully automated potentiometric method for determining inorganic fluoride in urine, which is applicable to the measurement of inorganic fluoride content in human urine samples. To facilitate accurate understanding and effective implementation of this standard, this article provides an interpretation focusing on the development background, key technical content, and quality control aspects. It elaborates in detail on the technical indicators during the standard validation process, including method optimization, precision, accuracy, interference resistance tests, and sample stability, as well as key considerations for application of the standard method. Thus to offer clear technical guidance for urine fluoride testing personnel, researchers, and related professionals, and to promote standardized application of the standard.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Liupanshui of Guizhou Province from 2019 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of brucellosis. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis cases in Liupanshui from 2019 to 2023. Results From 2019 to 2023,the incidence rates of human brucellosis in Liupanshui were 0.27/100 000, 0.20/100 000, 0.46/100 000, 0.89/100 000 and 0.86/100 000, respectively, showed an upward trend (χ {}_{trend}^2=18.983, P<0.001), and a total of 81 cases of human brucellosis were reported. The reported cases were mainly male, accounting for 69.14% (56/81), and the age of onset was mainly 40-<65 years old, accounting for 65.43% (53/81). The occupation was mainly farmers, accounting for 64.20% (52/81), and the regional distribution was mainly in Panzhou, accounting for 69.14% (56/81). The clinical symptoms of brucellosis cases were mainly fever, muscle and joint pain, and fatigue, accounting for 81.48% (66/81), 76.54% (62/81), and 60.49% (49/81), respectively. The time interval from the onset to diagnosis was 10 (4, 20) days. There was no statistically significant difference in the time interval from the onset to diagnosis among different years (H=4.060, P=0.398). The infection of the cases might mainly originate from sheep, and 79.01% (64/81) of them had a history of contact with sheep. Conclusion The incidence of human brucellosis in Liupanshui is on the rise, with the age of onset is mainly 40-<65 years old. The affected population is mainly male and mainly sheep farmers who have contact with sheep. A relatively large number of cases have been reported in Panzhou.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2024, and to provide evidence for formulating precise prevention and control strategies. Methods The data of cases with genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou from 2013 to 2024 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to analyze the temporal, population, and geographical distribution. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of incidence rate, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed by using GeoDa 1. 20. 0 software. Results From 2013 to 2024, a total of 1 970 cases of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection were reported in Xuzhou, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 1.84/100 000. The overall reported incidence showed a significant increasing trend (AAPC=15.91%, 95%CI：6.00-31.96, P=0.003). Most cases were female (65.23%), aged 20-29 years (41.02%), and whose occupations were predominantly homemakers/unemployed individuals (45.18%) and farmers (34.21%). The highest and lowest average annual incidence rates were observed in Yunlong District (3.40/100 000) and Feng County (0.77/100 000), respectively. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated a positive spatial correlation of reported incidence rates in the years 2016 and 2021-2024 (Global Moran’s I >0, all P<0.05), suggested spatial clustering effects. Conclusion The reported incidence rate of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou increased from 2013 to 2024, with evident spatial clustering characteristics.

Objective To establish a simple, fast, wide linear range, accurate and sensitive method for the determination of urea in swimming pool water. Methods According to Examination Methods for Public Places-Part 2: Chemical Pollutants (GB/T 18204. 2-2014) (hereinafter referred to as the national standard method), the water bath time, types and concentrations of reagents, standard series, etc. were optimized. The urea content in swimming pool water was measured by using spectrophotometer for methodological evaluation. Results The concentration range of improved national standard method (referred to as the improved method) was 0-3.50 mg/L, the correlation coefficient was 0.999 8, the relative standard deviation (RSD, n=6) was 1.17%-4.75%, the recovery rate was 97.61%-103.06%, and the detection limit of the method was 0.082 mg/L. There was no statistically significant difference between the improved method and the national standard method for measuring the urea content in 43 swimming pool water samples (Z=‒0.013, P=0.990). Conclusion Improved method has high precision and accuracy, wide linear range, short heating time, stable color products, and is suitable for quantitative detection of urea in swimming pool water.

Objective To explore the lag effect of main meteorological factors on the risk of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Nanchang city, in order to reveal the driving mechanisms of meteorological conditions on disease transmission, and to provide theoretical support for local precise prevention and early warning. Methods We collected daily HFMD incidence data and concurrent daily meteorological data from 2009 to 2019 in Nanchang City from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System and the China Meteorological Data Service Center, and applied a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to analyze the lagged and cumulative effects of temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration, wind speed, and diurnal temperature range on the risk of HFMD. Results From 2009 to 2019, a total of 47 768 HFMD cases were reported in Nanchang, with an average annual incidence rate of 93.9/100 000. Nonlinear relationships were observed between all meteorological factors and HFMD incidence risk. Compared with their median values, the highest incidence risk of HFMD occurred when the daily average temperature was 30 °C, sunshine duration was 3.5 h, and wind speed was 3.7 m/s (RR=2.031, 95%CI: 1.772-2.283; RR=1.168, 95%CI: 1.024-1.237; RR=1.684, 95%CI: 1.237-2.351). A relative humidity of 40% was a protective factor (RR=0.383, 95%CI: 0.249-0.589), while a diurnal temperature range of 15 °C was a protective factor （RR=0.253, 95%CI: 0.166-0.433）. The maximum cumulative RR values for extreme high temperature and extreme low temperature were 1.743 （95%CI: 1.426-2.099） and 1.455 （95%CI: 1.211-1.651）, respectively. The cumulative effects of most meteorological factors increased with prolonged lag time. Conclusion Temperature, sunshine duration, wind speed, relative humidity, and diurnal temperature range are all important meteorological factors influencing the transmission of HFMD in Nanchang. Their effects are nonlinear and exhibit significant lag characteristics. Warm, humid and windy environments can increase the risk of the disease, while longer periods of sunlight and larger difference in temperature between day and night show protective effects.

Objective To analyze the screening myopia status and influencing factors among primary and secondary school students in Shijingshan District of Beijing, and to provide basis for improving the prevention and control policies for students myopia. Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select two primary schools, two junior high schools, two regular high schools, and one vocational high school in Shijingshan District. Students from grades 4-6 in primary schools and grades 1-3 in junior high schools, regular high schools, and vocational high schools underwent vision examinations and completed a questionnaire on factors influencing myopia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis (forward stepwise method) was used to identify factors associated with screening myopia. Results A total of 1 959 students completed the survey. The overall rate of screening myopia was 77.23%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that female (OR=1.455, 95%CI: 1.166-1.815), at least one parent with myopia (OR=2.685, 95%CI: 2.149 - 3.354), having break activities indoors (OR=1.417, 95%CI: 1.107-1.815), continuous near-work duration ≥ 0.5 h (OR=1.333, 95%CI: 1.063-1.671), and lack of parental restriction on screen time (OR=1.437, 95%CI: 1.148-1.799) were more likely to have screening myopia. Conclusions The rate of screening myopia among primary and secondary school students is relatively high in Shijingshan District of Beijing in 2024. The influencing factors are associated with gender, genetics, eye use habits, and parental supervision. Collaborative interventions involving schools, families, and relevant departments are recommended to promote students’ eye health.

Objective To investigate the current status of occupational health examination institutions in Bengbu City, evaluate their adaptation after the implementation of the Anhui Provincial Occupational Health Examination Institution Filing Management Measures, and provide evidence for strengthening process and post-implementation supervision as well as enhancing service capacity. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed on the attributes, geographical distribution, service categories, personnel structure, and workload data from 2023 to 2024 of all 11 filed institutions in the city. Results Eleven institutions covered three counties and four districts across the city, including seven public comprehensive medical institutions, three private medical institutions, and one occupational disease prevention and control center. Only one occupational disease prevention and control center (9.09%, 1/11) possessing all six types of qualifications. Among the 345 health technicians, 34.78% (120/345) held senior titles, with 93 of them concentrated in public comprehensive medical institutions. In terms of professional composition, clinical medicine accounted for 44.35% (153/345), while preventive medicine accounted for only 1.45% (5/345). The distribution of educational qualifications varied among institutions: undergraduate personnel accounted for 84.73% (172/203) in public comprehensive medical institutions and 80.00% (44/55) in occupational disease prevention and control centers, while personnel with college degrees or below accounted for 57.47% (50/87) in private institutions. The qualification holding rate of the primary examining physician was 80.00% (16/20). The detection rate of occupational contraindications in public comprehensive medical institutions from 2023 to 2024 (1.37%, 200/14 592) was higher than that in private institutions (0.55%, 89/16 158). Conclusion Occupational health examination institutions in Bengbu City face challenges such as suboptimal personnel allocation, insufficient key qualifications, and variable inspection quality in private medical institutions. It is recommended to enhance professional capacity building and quality control, leverage the leading role of the occupational disease prevention and treatment center, implement differentiated supervision, and promote the high-quality development of occupational health examination services.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Liupanshui from 2010 to 2024, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of HFMD. Methods The surveillance data of HFMD in Liupanshui from 2010 to 2024 were collected and analyzed. The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic characteristics, and the SARIMA model was established for prediction. Results From 2010 to 2024, a total of 47 884 HFMD cases were reported in Liupanshui, with an average annual incidence rate of 108.74/100 000. There were 847 severe cases, with a severe case rate of 1.77%. There were 27 deaths. HFMD remained prevalent and showed a high incidence trend every other year, with the peak incidence mostly from April to July. The district with the highest number of cases was Zhongshan District (17 625 cases, 36.81%), and the district with the lowest number of cases was Liuzhi Special District (3 620 cases, 7.56%). The high-risk groups were mainly scattered children (37 941 cases, 79.24%), followed by children in kindergartens and nurseries (8 103 cases, 16.92%) and students (1 730 cases, 3.61%). The median age of onset was 2 (1, 3) years, especially with a high incidence in the 0-5 years age group (45 209 cases, 94.41%). The male-to-female ratio was 1.54∶1. From 2010 to 2014, the dominant strains of HFMD in Liupanshui were alternately prevalent. After 2015, other enteroviruses became the main dominant strains. The SARIMA (1, 0, 1)(0, 1, 1)₁₂ model was an applicable model, and it is predicted that the incidence rate of HFMD will be 86.53 per 100 000 in 2025. Conclusions Children aged 5 years and under are the key target for the prevention and control of HFMD in Liupanshui. The SARIMA (1, 0, 1) (0, 1, 1)₁₂ model can effectively predict the incidence trend, and its predictive performance can be enhanced through continuous optimization. It is recommended to strengthen health education for key populations, promote EV-A71 vaccination, and improve the etiological surveillance network to achieve precise prevention and control.

Objective Analyze the late detection rate of newly reported human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients (referred to as HIV/AIDS cases) in Suzhou from 2021 to 2024, as well as the influencing factors, and to provide ideas for more efficient HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment in the future. Methods Information on newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Suzhou from 2021 to 2024 was collected from the HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Prevention and Treatment Information System. The logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between different characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients and late diagnosis. Results From 2021 to 2024, a total of 3 379 new cases of HIV/AIDS were reported in Suzhou. Among them, 3 295 patients underwent CD4⁺ lymphocyte testing, and 1 049 cases were late diagnosed, with late diagnosis rate of 31.84%（1 049/3 295）. The proportions of late diagnosis in each year were 37.69%（303/804）, 31.24%（259/829）, 30.17%（270/895）, and 28.29%（217/767）, respectively, and showed a decreasing trend year by year. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the age group of ≤ 24 years old, the age groups of 25-49 years old（OR=2.313, 95%CI: 1.723-3.105） and 50 years old and above（OR=3.083, 95%CI: 2.165-4.391） had higher risk of late diagnosis. The risk of late diagnosis was higher in males than in females（OR=1.291, 95%CI: 1.003-1.660）. Heterosexual transmission was associated with a higher risk of late diagnosis compared with homosexual transmission（OR=1.285, 95%CI: 1.070-1.545）. Compared with detection through counseling, cases detected through medical institutions had a higher risk of late diagnosis（all OR >1, all P<0.05）. Compared with commercial service personnel, cases whose occupations were farmers or migrant workers had a lower risk of late diagnosis (OR=0.737, 95%CI: 0.543-0.999). Conclusion From 2021 to 2024, the proportion of late diagnosis among newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Suzhou showed a downward trend, but remained at a relatively high level. In the future, HIV testing strategies should be developed and optimized for specific populations such as individuals aged 50 and above, males, those infected through heterosexual transmission, and those detected through medical institutions, to promote early detection of HIV/AIDS cases.

Objective To compare the efficacy of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC) skin test and tuberculin skin test (TST) in screening tuberculosis contacts in schools with positive preventive intervention indications (EC skin test positive or TST strongly positive), so as to provide reference for optimizing tuberculosis prevention and control measures in schools. Methods Contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in schools of Xinfeng County and Yudu County of Ganzhou from July 2022 to June 2023 were selected as the research subjects. EC skin test and TST were conducted simultaneously by using the simultaneous bilateral arms method. The consistency of the screening results of the two methods and the influencing factors were analyzed. Results A total of 1 503 contacts were included. The EC skin test positive rate was 5.26% (79/1 503), and the TST strongly positive rate was 6.92% (104/1 503), with no statistically significant difference (χ²=3.637, P=0.057). The consistency rate between the two methods was 94.88% (1 426/1 503, Kappa=0.553). There were 77 inconsistent cases (EC⁺ & TST^-: 26 cases; EC^- & TST⁺: 51 cases), the difference was statistically significant (McNemar’s χ²=7.481, P=0.006). Multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that the discordance rate increased with age (aOR=1.063, 95% CI: 1.041-1.086). The risk of discordance was higher for individuals from junior high school (aOR=14.911, 95% CI: 2.978-74.667), vocational secondary/high school (aOR=13.609, 95% CI: 3.130-59.170), and contacts of patients with negative etiological results (aOR=2.212, 95% CI: 1.262-3.879). The incidence rate of local adverse reactions in TST (2.53%) was higher than that in EC skin test (1.46%), and the difference was statistically significant (McNemar’s χ²= 5.921, P=0.015). Conclusion EC skin test and TST exhibit similar overall efficacy in screening school-based tuberculosis contacts, but inter-individual discrepancies exist. The inconsistency is influenced by age, school type, and the etiological results of the index case. It is recommended to prioritize EC skin test for screening contacts who are junior high school students or above, faculty members, and contacts of patients with negative etiological results.

Objective To analyze the monitoring results and trends of occupational hazard factors in key industry workplaces in Lu’an from 2019 to 2023, and to provide basis for the prevention and control of occupational hazards. Methods The monitoring data on occupational hazard factors in key industry workplaces in Lu’an from 2019 to 2023 were collected. The number of enterprises monitored, sampling points, and qualification rates across different years, enterprise sizes, economic types, industries, and districts were statistically analyzed. Results From 2019 to 2023, a total of 760 enterprises were monitored, with 9 746 testing points. The monitored enterprises were predominantly small and micro businesses (87.23%, 663/760), manufacturing industries (88.29%, 671/760), and privately-owned economic entities (95.13%, 723/760). The overall qualification rate was 73.93% (7 205/9 746). The qualification rates for dust, chemical toxicants, and noise detection points were 65.30% (1 833/2 807), 91.84% (1 271/1 384), and 73.83% (4 101/5 555), respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ²=338.671, P<0.001). The mining industry detection points had the lowest detection points qualification rate (54.01%, 640/1 185), and silica dust was the hazard factor of the lowest qualification rate (57.36%, 1 196/2 085). Significant differences in qualification rates detection points were observed across different enterprise scales (χ²=60.429, P<0.001), economic types (χ²=19.082, P=0.001), industries (χ²=284.036, P<0.001), and counties/districts (χ²=360.628, P<0.001). Conclusion Dust and noise are the primary occupational hazard factors in Lu’an. It is recommended to prioritize supervision and control measures targeting the mining industry and its silica dust operation posts.

Objective To investigate the death characteristics and causes of years of life lost (YLL) among the elderly population aged 60 and above in Ganzhou from 2020 to 2024,thus to provide scientific basis for health management of the elderly population.Methods Death surveillance data of permanent residents aged 60 and above in Ganzhou from 2020 to 2024 were collected.SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical analysis.Indicators such as potential years of life lost (PYLL),PYLL rate (PYLLR),and average YLL (AYLL) were utilized to evaluate the YLL due to various causes of death among the elderly population.Results From 2020 to 2024,the reported number of deaths among the elderly population aged 60 and above in Ganzhou accounted for 81.42% (235 688/289 481) of the total population deaths,with an average annual crude death rate of 32.75‰ (235 688/7 196 594),and a standardized death rate of 30.71‰.Deaths in the elderly population aged 75 and above accounted for 65.91% (155 347/235 688).The mortality rate of males (37.76‰) was higher than that of females (28.28‰) (χ²=5 093.795,P<0.001).The top 10 causes of death were heart diseases,cerebrovascular diseases,respiratory system diseases,malignant tumors,endocrine nutritional metabolic diseases,injuries,digestive system diseases,mental disorders,urogenital system diseases,and nervous system diseases,accounting for 94.19% (221 992/235 688) of all deaths in the elderly population.The PYLL caused by all causes of death in the elderly population was 514 943.00 person-years,with PYLLR of 71.55‰ and AYLL of 2.18 years/person.Malignant tumors ranked the highest in all indicators,which were 155 697.50 person-years,21.63‰,and 3.94 years/person,respectively.Conclusion The leading causes of death among the elderly population aged 60 and above in Ganzhou are heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases,with malignant tumors contributing the most to YLL.Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,as well as malignant tumors,should be prioritized as key points in the prevention and management of elderly health.

Objective To understand the lung health status and influencing factors of dust-exposed workers in Guizhou Province in 2023, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis in Guizhou Province. Methods The relevant data of 1 634 dust-exposed workers in Guizhou Province in 2023 were derived from the Occupational Disease and Occupational Health Information Monitoring System and the Workplace Occupational Disease Hazard Factors Monitoring System, which were both subsystems of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The abnormal rates of chest X-ray and pulmonary function were calculated. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results The abnormal rate of chest X-ray of dust-exposed workers was 9.73% (159/1 634), the abnormal rate of pulmonary function was 18.91% (309/1 634), and the rate of pneumoconiosis-like changes was 2.51% (41/1 634). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, and dust type were independent influencing factors for abnormal chest X-ray (all P<0.05). The risk of abnormal chest X-ray in workers aged 35-44, 45-54, and ≥55 was 6.213 times, 18.915 times, and 20.132 times higher than that of workers aged 18-34, respectively. The risk of abnormal chest X-ray in males was 3.685 times higher than that in females. The risk of abnormal chest X-ray of workers exposed to silica dust and cement dust was 4.517 times and 4.003 times higher than that of workers exposed to other types of dust, respectively. Dust concertration and dust type were independent influencing factors for abnormal pulmonary function. The risk of abnormal pulmonary function among workers exposed to dust with concentrations exceeding the standard was 1.470 times higher than that of workers exposed to dust with concentrations not exceeding the standard. The risk of abnormal pulmonary function of dust-exposed workers exposed to cement dust was 2.101 times higher than that of workers exposed to other types of dust. Conclusion Age, gender, and dust type are the main influencing factors for abnormal chest X-ray in dust-exposed workers. Dust concertration and dust type, are the main influencing factors for abnormal pulmonary function in dust-exposed workers. The supervision and management of key industries and key populations should be strengthened to reduce the incidence of pneumoconiosis and protect the health of workers.

Objective To explore the factors associated with depressive symptoms among junior high school students in Anhui Province using a multi-level analysis based on the health ecology model, in order to provide reference for identifying and intervening in depressive symptoms among this population. Methods From September 2024 to November 2024, a stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select junior high school students in Anhui Province as research subjects for questionnaire surveys. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Independent variables were determined based on five dimensions of the health ecology model: individual traits, behavioral characteristics, interpersonal networks, living and learning conditions, and policy environment. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms among junior high school students. Results A total of 3 299 junior high school students in Anhui Province were included, and the detection rate of depressive symptoms was 17.88%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that within the individual traits dimension, female (OR=2.747, 95%CI: 2.233-3.379), the second year of junior high school (OR=1.308, 95%CI: 1.019-1.680) and the third year of junior high school (OR=1.763, 95%CI: 1.376-2.259), alcohol consumption (OR=2.132, 95%CI: 1.636-2.778) in the behavioral characteristics dimension, experiencing school bullying (OR=4.827, 95%CI: 3.914-5.953) in the interpersonal network dimension, and attending a private school (OR=1.367, 95%CI: 1.056-1.772) in the living and learning conditions dimension, were positively associated with depressive symptoms among junior high school students. At the behavioral characteristics level, engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ≥3 days per week (OR=0.767, 95%CI: 0.616-0.956) and sufficient sleep (OR=0.453, 95%CI: 0.337-0.608) were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. At the interpersonal network level, suburban/rural residence (OR=0.593, 95%CI: 0.473-0.744) and nuclear family structure (OR=0.678, 95%CI: 0.547-0.841), and at the policy environment level, the schools implementing mental health intervention programs (OR=0.376, 95%CI: 0.264-0.536) were negatively associated with depressive symptoms among junior high school students. Conclusions The influencing factors of the detection rate of depressive symptoms among junior high school students in Anhui Province involve multiple levels of the health ecological model. Multi-dimensional interventions integrating individuals, behaviors, environment, and policies are necessary to reduce the incidence of depressive symptoms among junior high school students.

Objective To investigate the current status and associated factors of overweight/obesity and high blood pressure comorbidity among middle school students in Anhui Province, and to provide evidence for formulating targeted prevention and control measures. Methods From September 2024 to December 2024, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 103 291 middle school students from 104 counties (cities, districts) in Anhui Province. Their height, weight, and blood pressure were measured, and a questionnaire survey was conducted. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of comorbidity of overweight/obesity and high blood pressure. Results In 2024, the detection rates of overweight/obesity, high blood pressure, and their comorbidity among middle school students in Anhui Province were 35.02%, 15.22% and 8.44%, respectively. Multivariate analysis results showed that males (OR=1.514, 95%CI: 1.447-1.584) exhibited a higher risk of comorbidity. Healthy dietary patterns (OR=0.824, 95%CI: 0.740-0.917), adequate physical exercise (OR=0.833, 95%CI: 0.768-0.904), and sufficient sleep (OR=0.920, 95%CI: 0.870-0.973) were associated with a lower risk of comorbidity. Conclusions The comorbidity rate of overweight/obesity and high blood pressure among middle school students in Anhui Province is at a high level, and it is mainly associated with gender, diet, exercise, and sleep. It is recommended that schools, families, and relevant departments take comprehensive measures to guide students in developing healthy lifestyle.

Objective To analyze the distribution of HIV-1 genetic subtypes and drug resistance characteristics among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients who experienced antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure in Chizhou, and to provide evidence for AIDS prevention and control. Methods The HIV/AIDS patients who received ART for ≥6 months and had HIV-1 viral load ≥1 000 IU/mL in Chizhou from 2019 to 2025 were selected for HIV-1 genotyping and drug resistance testing. Results Among the 56 HIV/AIDS patients with ART failure, seven HIV-1 genetic subtypes were identified. The predominant subtypes were CRF01_AE (42.86%, 24/56) and CRF07_BC (35.71%, 20/56). The overall drug resistance rate was 42.86% (24/56). Resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) was the most common (37.50%, 21/56), followed by resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) (25.00%, 14/56). No resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs) was detected. Among NNRTIs, the highest rate of high-level resistance was observed for efavirenz (32.14%). Among NRTIs, the highest rates of high-level resistance were observed for lamivudine and emtricitabine (both 21.43%). Conclusion From 2019 to 2025, CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC were the predominant HIV-1 subtypes among the HIV/AIDS patients with ART failure in Chizhou, with drug resistance primarily to NNRTIs. Enhanced drug resistance monitoring and timely optimization of treatment regimens are recommended for HIV/AIDS patients with ART failure.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution of tuberculosis (TB) in Huangshan from 2020 to 2024, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods The data of reported TB cases in Huangshan from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2024, were collected from the Infectious Disease Surveillance System of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics. Global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were performed by using ArcGIS 10.8 software. Spatiotemporal scan analysis was conducted by using SaTScan 9.5 software. Results A total of 2 691 TB cases were registered in Huangshan from 2020 to 2024, with an average annual registered incidence rate of 40.66/100 000. The incidence rate showed a significant decreasing trend （APC=-3.75, 95%CI: -5.04 to -2.59）. The majority of cases were male (71.68%), elderly (aged≥60 years, 52.55%), and farmers (67.19%). Global spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated spatial clustering of the incidence rates in the years 2020, 2023, and 2024 (Moran’s Ⅰ were 0.134, 0.133, and 0.149, respectively, P<0.05). Local spatial autocorrelation analysis identified several towns in Xiuning County, She County, and Huizhou District as "high-high" clustering areas. Spatiotemporal scanning analysis revealed two statistically significant clustering areas: Type Ⅰ clustering areas were concentrated in 14 townships including Guilin Town (from March 1, 2020 to July 31, 2021, RR=1.624, P<0.001); Type Ⅱ clustering areas were concentrated in 7 townships including Qiyunshan Town (from April 1, 2021 to August 31, 2021, RR=2.667, P<0.001). Conclusion The registered incidence rate of TB in Huangshan showed an overall downward trend from 2020 to 2024, but exhibited significant spatiotemporal clustering. Male, elderly people and farmers are high-risk groups. Targeted prevention and control measures should be taken to effectively control the epidemic.

Objective To analyze the wastage coefficient of group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPV-A) in Yongchuan District of Chongqing,thus to provide scientific basis for reducing vaccine wastage.Methods The use and dosage of MPV-A in 30 vaccination units from 2022 to 2023 were collected through the Chongqing Vaccine Management Information System.The wastage coefficient was calculated,and its influencing factors were analyzed.Results The total usage of MPV-A in Yongchuan District from 2022 to 2023 was 39 580 doses,with 22 751 doses administered,and the wastage coefficient was 1.74.The wastage coefficients of 2022 and 2023 were 1.98 and 1.49,respectively.Spearman correlation analysis showed that the wastage coefficient of MPV-A was negatively correlated with the administered doses (r=-0.483,P=0.007).Conclusion The wastage coefficient of MPV-A in Yongchuan District of Chongqing from 2022 to 2023 meets the national standard.It is suggested that a central appointment system should be adopted to reduce the wastage of multi-dose vaccines.

Objective To understand the physical examination rate and its influencing factors of patients with severe mental disorders in Qingyang, thereby providing a basis for enhancing the physical examination rate of such patients. Methods The data of patients with serious mental disorders registered in Qingyang in 2022 and the results of physical examination in 2022 were downloaded from the Gansu Province Mental Health Surveillance Information System. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing participation in health physical examination. Results In 2022, 12 063 patients with severe mental disorders were registered in Qingyang, and 7 847 cases underwent free health physical examination, with physical examination rate of 65.050%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were positively associated with patients’ participation in physical examination: age: 18-44 years (OR=1.537, 95%CI: 1.132-2.086), 45-59 years (OR=1.642, 95%CI: 1.192-2.261), ≥60 years (OR=2.671, 95%CI: 1.902-3.752); per capita net income ≤8 000 yuan/years (OR=1.164, 95%CI: 1.070-1.266); age at onset: 45-59 years (OR=1.266, 95%CI: 1.081-1.483), ≥60 years (OR=1.948, 95%CI: 1.510-2.514); diagnosis: mental retardation accompanied by mental disorders (OR=2.475, 95%CI: 1.553-3.944), mental disorders due to epilepsy (OR=2.685, 95%CI: 1.677-4.299), bipolar affective disorder (OR=1.976, 95%CI: 1.246-3.133), schizophrenia (OR=1.638, 95%CI: 1.046-2.564), and schizo affective disorder (OR=2.022, 95%CI: 1.207-3.387). The following factors were negatively correlated with patients’ participation in physical examination: marital status: unmarried (OR=0.750, 95%CI: 0.663-0.848), divorced (OR=0.673, 95%CI: 0.563-0.804), widowed (OR=0.700, 95%CI: 0.559-0.876); education level: primary school (OR=0.856, 95%CI: 0.772-0.951), junior high school (OR=0.721, 95%CI: 0.640-0.811), senior high school or technical secondary school (OR=0.589, 95%CI: 0.493-0.702), college and above (OR=0.581, 95%CI: 0.447-0.757), occupation was non-farmer (OR=0.745, 95%CI: 0.651-0.853); guardian type: relatives as guardians (OR=0.759, 95%CI: 0.649-0.887), no guardian or other guardians (OR=0.772, 95%CI: 0.654-0.912). Conclusion The physical examination rate of patients with severe mental disorders in Qingyang needs to be further improved. It is necessary to strengthen the mental health resources of community/township medical and health institutions, improve the physical examination items, and focus on unsupervised, weakly supervised, and unmarried patients to promote their active participation in health examinations.

Objective To investigate the current status of parental nurturing care ability among parents of infants aged 0-3 years in Ma’anshan City, Anhui Province, and to analyze its influencing factors, so as to provide evidence for formulating family support scientific strategies. Methods From April 2024 to August 2024, a convenience sampling method was used to select 3 346 families of infants aged 0-3 years from six counties/districts in Ma’anshan City for questionnaire surveys. The Parental Caregiving Ability Assessment Scale was applied to evaluate their nurturing care ability, and self-designed questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic data. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to explore influencing factors. Results The abnormal detection rate of the total parenting and caregiving ability score was 16.56%. The abnormal detection rates for each dimension, from highest to lowest, were as follows: nutrition and feeding (32.85%), common disease prevention (25.13%), play and experience (24.15%), safety and security (21.97%), parenting concepts and methods (14.26%), and responsive caregiving (10.88%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preterm birth was associated with an increased risk of abnormal caregiving ability (OR=1.465, 95%CI: 1.001-2.145), while female gender of the child (OR=0.813, 95%CI: 0.674-0.980), maternal education level of college/bachelor’s degree (OR=0.668, 95%CI: 0.536-0.832), and higher monthly household income per capita (¥3 000-<¥6 000: OR=0.468, 95%CI: 0.350-0.626; ≥¥6 000: OR=0.291, 95%CI: 0.216-0.393) were associated with a decreased risk. Conclusion Deficiencies exist in parental nurturing care ability among caregivers in Ma’anshan City, which is influenced by multiple factors. Greater attention should be paid to families with male gender of the child, preterm infants, lower maternal education levels, and lower monthly per capita income. Targeted parenting support should be provided to enhance nurturing skills and promote the all-round development of infants in early stages.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of influenza-like illness (ILI) and the patterns of prevalent strains in Xinyang from 2014 to 2024,in order to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of influenza.Methods The data of ILI surveillance and laboratory test in the surveillance years from 2014 to 2024 in Xinyang were collected from the National Influenza Surveillance Network,and descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic characteristics.Results A total of 87 642 ILI cases were reported from 2014 to 2024,accounting for 1.79% of all visiting patients,proportions of ILI cases among all patients (ILI%) ranged from 0.50% to 6.40% in different years.The proportion of all ILI cases was highest in age group 0-4 years (33.99%),and was lowest in the people aged 60 years old and above (9.80%).Among 7 705 ILI samples,1 489 samples were positive for influenza nucleic acid,the positive rate was 19.33%(1 489/7 705),with the positive rates of type A,type B and mixed types of influenza virus were 11.97%(922/7 705),7.31%(563/7 705),0.05%(4/7 705),respectively.The top three surveillance years with the highest influenza nucleic acid positive rates were 2017-2018 (30.48%),2021-2022 (29.67%) and 2023-2024 (26.49%),respectively.In different surveillance years,the positive rate of influenza nucleic acid was different (χ²=405.465,P<0.001),and the influenza A and B virus typing was different (χ²=720.477,P<0.001).The positive rate of influenza nucleic acid was different among different age groups (χ²=212.207,P<0.001),and the positive rate was highest in the 5-14 years old group (27.39%),while was lowest in the 0-4 years old group (11.45%).The difference in influenza virus typing among different age groups was statistically significant (χ²=17.322,P=0.002),and influenza A virus was the dominant strain in all age groups.The dominant strains of influenza were different in different surveillance years,with influenza A virus was the dominant strain,and the peak of the pandemic occurred from the 48th week of the current year to the 4th week of the following year.Conclusion Influenza was prevalent mainly in winter and spring from 2014 to 2024 in Xinyang,with alternating mixed prevalence of different influenza virus types.Influenza A strain is the epidemic dominant strain.The age group of 5-14 years is the key population for prevention and control.

Injury is a major public health problem posing a severe threat to the health of Chinese residents. In recent years, China has continuously improved its policy system for injury prevention and control, gradually refined its surveillance network, intensified interventions targeting key populations and key settings, and initially established a multi-departmental collaboration mechanism. Nevertheless, prominent challenges remain in terms of disease burden, institutional capacity, inter-departmental coordination, surveillance and scientific research, and health equity. To systematically advance the integrated prevention and control of injuries, 15 departments including the National Disease Control and Prevention Administration jointly issued the Action Plan for Injury Prevention and Control (2026-2030). From the perspective of preventive medicine and in light of the requirements set forth in the latest national action plan, this paper systematically reviews the progress made in China's injury prevention and control work, analyzes its core challenges, and puts forward strategic considerations. The paper aims to provide a reference for improving the integrated prevention and control of injuries and supporting the construction of a Healthy China.

Objective To analyze the results of tuberculosis screening and the characteristics of detected cases in freshmen entrance physical examination in Anhui Province from 2022 to 2024, and to provide theoretical basis for optimizing screening strategies. Methods Data of tuberculosis screening for freshmen in Anhui Province from 2022 to 2024 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the temporal, population, and regional distributions of relevant indicators, as well as differences in screening methods. Results A total of 9 203 416 freshmen were screened in Anhui Province from 2022 to 2024, and the screening rate was 98.57%. A total of 283 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were detected, with a detection rate of 3.07/100 000. The abnormal screening rate increased year by year (0.51%, 0.60%, 0.79%, respectively). The highest abnormal tuberculosis screening rate was observed in northern Anhui (0.86%), and the highest detection rate was found in freshmen in junior colleges/universities and above (8.35/100 000). Among different screening methods, the tuberculosis detection rate was the highest (1.96%) among individuals with abnormal chest X-ray screening results. The detected cases were mainly in the 13-18 years old (69.26%), 42.76% of cases were pathogen-positive, and 2.83% of cases were rifampicin-resistant. Conclusion The screening rate of tuberculosis for freshmen in Anhui Province from 2022 to 2024 is relatively high, but the abnormal screening rate shows an increasing trend year by year, and there are population and regional differences in screening results. Chest X-ray screening has a prominent case detection efficiency. Detected cases are mainly freshmen in middle school and junior college/university and above, and some cases exist drug resistance. It is necessary to optimize screening strategies for key populations and regions, and to strengthen pathogenic detection and drug resistance monitoring.

Objective To analyze the co-occurrence status and influencing factors of overweight/obesity and dental caries in primary and middle school students in Lu’an, and to provide theoretical basis for formulating scientific prevention and control strategies. Methods The stratified cluster random sampling method was used to monitor 11 637 primary and middle school students in Lu’an, including physical examinations, oral examinations, and questionnaire surveys. The χ² test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to study the relevant influencing factors associated with the co-occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity among students. Results The co-occurrence rate of dental caries and overweight/obesity among primary and middle school students in Lu’an was 14.42%. The rate was higher in urban areas (16.62%) than in counties (11.99%), higher among boys (15.18%) than girls (13.45%), and higher among primary school students (15.06%) and high school students (16.24%) than junior high school students (11.90%). All these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that consuming fried foods ≥1 time in the past week (OR=1.208, 95%CI: 1.066-1.368) and brushing teeth less than twice daily (OR=1.192, 95%CI: 1.068-1.330) were positively correlated with the risk of co-occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity. Conversely, living in the county (OR=0.686, 95%CI: 0.614-0.766), girls (OR=0.883, 95%CI: 0.794-0.981), and consuming fruits ≥1 time daily (OR=0.819, 95%CI: 0.674-0.996) were negatively correlated with the co-occurrence (P<0.05). Conclusions Gender, dietary and lifestyle habits of primary and middle school students in Lu’an are correlated with the co-occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity. It is necessary to strengthen relevant publicity and interventions to promote healthy living and dietary habits, thereby preventing the occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity.

Objective To investigate the level of health literacy among residents in Lu'an in 2022 and analyze it's influencing factors,so as to provide reference for the development of targeted intervention measures.Methods A total of 876 residents were selected for health literacy level survey by using probability proportionate to size sampling (PPS) method.Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of health literacy level among residents in Lu'an.Results In 2022,a total of 876 residents were surveyed in Lu'an,with an average age of (43.24±14.93) years.Among them,371 were males and 505 were females,with a gender ratio of 1:1.36.The education level was mainly junior high school,accounting for 31.1%,and the occupation was mainly farmers,accounting for 48.20%.The average score of health literacy among residents was (45.8±14.03),with an overall possession rate of 24.54%.The three dimensions of health literacy levels from high to low were basic knowledge and concept literacy (34.59%),basic skill literacy (23.29%),and healthy lifestyle and behavior literacy (18.61%),respectively.The six types of health literacy levels from high to low were safety and first aid literacy (54.79%),health information literacy (36.42%),infectious diseases prevention and control literacy (33.45%),chronic diseases prevention and control literacy (27.97%),basic medical literacy (23.52%),and scientific health concept literacy (22.37%),respectively.The results of logistic regression analysis showed that rural residents (OR=2.622,95%CI:1.881-3.655),females (OR=1.819,95%CI:1.334-2.481),50-59 years old (OR=0.259,95%CI:0.129-0.521),60-69 years old (OR=0.114,95%CI:0.043-0.305),and no chronic diseases (OR=2.453,95%CI:1.668-3.606) were the influencing factors of health literacy among residents in Lu'an.Conclusion The health literacy level of residents in Lu'an is relatively low,and there are significant differences among different groups.Residents should be guided to establish a scientific concept of health and develop a healthy lifestyle.Emphasis should be placed on strengthening the popularization of health knowledge in rural areas,the elderly,low educated groups,and low-income families,thus to improve the pertinence of health education work.

Objective To grasp the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in Wudang District of Guiyang,and to provide a theoretical basis for making tuberculosis prevention and control strategies in Wudang District.Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in Wudang District of Guiyang from 2018 to 2023.Statistical analysis was carried out by Chi-square test and trend Chi-square test.Results A total of 1 133 tuberculosis cases were reported in Wudang District from 2018 to 2023,with an annual reported incidence rate of 63.24/100 000,showed a downward trend ($\chi_{\text { trend }}^{2}$=25.031,P<0.001).Among 1 133 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis,640 cases were positive in etiology,accounting for 56.49%,showed an upward trend ($\chi_{\text { trend }}^{2}$=43.545,P<0.001).The reported incidence rate of tuberculosis was 74.97/100 000 in males,and that was 50.84/100 000 in females,with a statistically significant difference in the reported incidence rate between males and females of 1.47∶1 (χ²=41.265,P<0.001).The top three townships with the highest reported incidence rate of tuberculosis were Xinguang Road Street (133.00/100 000),Pianpo Township (101.92/100 000) and Shuitian Town (81.26/100 000).Among all reported cases,56.05% of cases (635/1 133) were reported from March to August,74.49% of cases (844/1 133) were reported from 15 to 65 years old,and 35.13% of cases (398/1 133) were reported from farmers.Conclusion The incidence rate of tuberculosis in the annual report of Wudang District is generally on the downward trend.Health education,monitoring,treatment and case reporting for high-risk population of tuberculosis still need to be carried out.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Anqing from 2020 to 2024, and to provide scientific basis for precise prevention and control. Methods The case data of HFMD cases were obtained from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the temporal, spatial, and population distributions, as well as the etiological characteristics. GeoDa 1.22.0.4 software was used for spatial autocorrelation analysis, SaTScan 10.1.2 software was used to conduct spatiotemporal scan analysis. Results From 2020 to 2024, a total of 12 750 HFMD cases were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 61.50/100 000. The highest incidence rate (93.98/100 000) was recorded in 2022. The top three areas with the highest average incidence rates were Taihu County (131.28/100 000), Yingjiang District (101.90/100 000), and Yixiu District (98.32/100 000). Except for 2020, the overall peak incidence generally occurred from April to July. Except for 2021, the annual incidence distribution showed a single peak in the other years. Children aged 1-4 years had the highest proportion of cases (76.27%). The proportion of incidence among individuals aged 15 years and above was stable. The trends of the incidence proportions of 0, 1, and 3-year-old groups were opposite to those of the 5 and 6-9-year-old groups. From 2021 to 2024, CVA6 and CVA16 serotypes alternated as the predominant strains, and the proportion of CVA6 reached 87.43% in 2023. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the global Moran’s Ⅰ in each year was significantly positively correlated (Moran’s Ⅰ: 0.179-0.388, P<0.05), and the high-high clustering areas shifted from rural areas (Taihu County and Yuexi County from 2020 to 2022) to the urban areas (Yingjiang District in 2023). Five first-class clustering areas were identified through annual spatiotemporal scanning, and a total of 1 first-class clustering area and 5 second-class clustering areas were identified through overall spatiotemporal scanning. Conclusion HFMD incidence in Anqing from 2020 to 2024 exhibited obvious spatiotemporal clustering. The peak incidence period is from April to July. Scattered children aged 1-4 years are the key population. Taihu County, Yuexi County, Huaining County, as well as the main urban area of Yingjiang District and its surrounding densely populated towns (streets) are the key prevention and control areas. Prevention and control work for key populations and areas should be further strengthened before and during the epidemic period.