Since the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was reported in China in 1985, the epidemic of AIDS has undergone a complex evolution from an imported period, a diffusion period, to a generalized epidemic phase predominantly driven by sexual transmission. This article systematically reviews epidemic evolution, stage-specific characteristics, major achievements of prevention and control strategies, and current challenges of the AIDS in China. Through in-depth analysis of the national policies evolution, improvements of surveillance and detection system, expansion of treatment and care services, deepening of public health education, and coordinated prevention and control of multiple diseases, the important experience of AIDS prevention and control in China is summarized. In light of challenges such as difficulties in prevention and control of key populations, delayed detection, uneven prevention and control capabilities, and so on, the direction for future prevention and control work is discussed. It emphasizes the need to advance targeted interventions, strengthen system integration, and promote co-governance involving all sectors of society, thereby offering insights for achieving the goal of ending the AIDS epidemic.

Objective To establish a surveillance and early warning indicator system for key infectious diseases in Anhui Province, and standardize the construction and application of surveillance and early warning system. Methods A preliminary framework of the indicator system was developed through literature review and focus group discussions. Eighteen experts from within and outside Anhui Province were invited to conduct a Delphi expert consultation to score indicators at all levels. The final indicator system was determined based on screening criteria and expert suggestions, and the weights of each indicator were calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process. Results The positive coefficients of two rounds of expert consultations were both 100%, and the authority coefficients were both ≥0.91. The Kendall’s coordination coefficients of each index ranged from 0.249 to 0.377 (all P<0.05). The final monitoring and early warning indicator system consisted of 3 first-level indicators, 9 second-level indicators, and 43 third-level indicators. The indicators with the highest weights at the first, second, and third levels were “surveillance and early warning indicators for outbreak/epidemic risk factors”“disease surveillance and public health emergency reports” and “pathogen carrier rates and population density changes of vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and rodents”, respectively. Conclusion The surveillance and early warning indicator system for key infectious diseases constructed in this study has certain scientificity and rationality. In the future, through field application verification, the indicator system will be continuously improved to provide theoretical references for the early detection and warning of key infectious diseases in Anhui Province.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Liupanshui of Guizhou Province from 2019 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of brucellosis. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis cases in Liupanshui from 2019 to 2023. Results From 2019 to 2023,the incidence rates of human brucellosis in Liupanshui were 0.27/100 000, 0.20/100 000, 0.46/100 000, 0.89/100 000 and 0.86/100 000, respectively, showed an upward trend (χ {}_{trend}^2=18.983, P<0.001), and a total of 81 cases of human brucellosis were reported. The reported cases were mainly male, accounting for 69.14% (56/81), and the age of onset was mainly 40-<65 years old, accounting for 65.43% (53/81). The occupation was mainly farmers, accounting for 64.20% (52/81), and the regional distribution was mainly in Panzhou, accounting for 69.14% (56/81). The clinical symptoms of brucellosis cases were mainly fever, muscle and joint pain, and fatigue, accounting for 81.48% (66/81), 76.54% (62/81), and 60.49% (49/81), respectively. The time interval from the onset to diagnosis was 10 (4, 20) days. There was no statistically significant difference in the time interval from the onset to diagnosis among different years (H=4.060, P=0.398). The infection of the cases might mainly originate from sheep, and 79.01% (64/81) of them had a history of contact with sheep. Conclusion The incidence of human brucellosis in Liupanshui is on the rise, with the age of onset is mainly 40-<65 years old. The affected population is mainly male and mainly sheep farmers who have contact with sheep. A relatively large number of cases have been reported in Panzhou.

Objective To understand the current status of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccination among target children in Fujian Province, and to provide evidence for improving vaccination coverage and formulating prevention strategies against EV-A71 infection. Methods The stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select children born between 2012 and 2023 from nine prefecture-level cities and Pingtan Comprehensive Pilot Zone in Fujian Province as study subjects. Data were collected through the Fujian Provincial Immunization Planning Information System, and descriptive epidemiological methods were applied to analyze EV-A71 vaccination rates. Results A total of 4 161 children were surveyed. The first-dose vaccination rate for EV-A71 vaccine was 47.92% (1 994/4 161), and the full-course vaccination rate was 44.32% (1 844/4 161). Significant differences in full-course vaccination rates were observed by age and region: among different age groups, the highest rate was observed in the 24-35-month group (72.15%)(χ²=748.216, P<0.001); regionally, Quanzhou had the highest rate (59.25%), while Zhangzhou had the lowest rate (34.43%) (χ²=122.664, P<0.001). From 2017 to 2023, the actual vaccination rate increased from 10.65% to 27.85% (χ²_trend=58.602, P<0.001). The timely vaccination rate (6-11 months of age) was 30.39% (606/1 994), and 90.92% of children received their first dose before three years old. Among those who completed the full course, 73.70% (1 359/1 844) had appropriate interval between doses (28-59 days) as recommended by the guidelines. Conclusion The EV-A71 vaccination rate among children in Fujian Province remains relatively low, but shows an upward trend, with disparities across different age groups and regions. It is recommended to include EV-A71 vaccine verification in school entry health examinations or integrate it into child healthcare service packages to enhance coverage among key populations.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2024, and to provide evidence for formulating precise prevention and control strategies. Methods The data of cases with genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou from 2013 to 2024 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to analyze the temporal, population, and geographical distribution. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of incidence rate, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed by using GeoDa 1. 20. 0 software. Results From 2013 to 2024, a total of 1 970 cases of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection were reported in Xuzhou, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 1.84/100 000. The overall reported incidence showed a significant increasing trend (AAPC=15.91%, 95%CI：6.00-31.96, P=0.003). Most cases were female (65.23%), aged 20-29 years (41.02%), and whose occupations were predominantly homemakers/unemployed individuals (45.18%) and farmers (34.21%). The highest and lowest average annual incidence rates were observed in Yunlong District (3.40/100 000) and Feng County (0.77/100 000), respectively. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated a positive spatial correlation of reported incidence rates in the years 2016 and 2021-2024 (Global Moran’s I >0, all P<0.05), suggested spatial clustering effects. Conclusion The reported incidence rate of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou increased from 2013 to 2024, with evident spatial clustering characteristics.

Objective To analyze the monitoring results and trends of occupational hazard factors in key industry workplaces in Lu’an from 2019 to 2023, and to provide basis for the prevention and control of occupational hazards. Methods The monitoring data on occupational hazard factors in key industry workplaces in Lu’an from 2019 to 2023 were collected. The number of enterprises monitored, sampling points, and qualification rates across different years, enterprise sizes, economic types, industries, and districts were statistically analyzed. Results From 2019 to 2023, a total of 760 enterprises were monitored, with 9 746 testing points. The monitored enterprises were predominantly small and micro businesses (87.23%, 663/760), manufacturing industries (88.29%, 671/760), and privately-owned economic entities (95.13%, 723/760). The overall qualification rate was 73.93% (7 205/9 746). The qualification rates for dust, chemical toxicants, and noise detection points were 65.30% (1 833/2 807), 91.84% (1 271/1 384), and 73.83% (4 101/5 555), respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ²=338.671, P<0.001). The mining industry detection points had the lowest detection points qualification rate (54.01%, 640/1 185), and silica dust was the hazard factor of the lowest qualification rate (57.36%, 1 196/2 085). Significant differences in qualification rates detection points were observed across different enterprise scales (χ²=60.429, P<0.001), economic types (χ²=19.082, P=0.001), industries (χ²=284.036, P<0.001), and counties/districts (χ²=360.628, P<0.001). Conclusion Dust and noise are the primary occupational hazard factors in Lu’an. It is recommended to prioritize supervision and control measures targeting the mining industry and its silica dust operation posts.

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is one of the leading causes of death among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, significantly impacting disease progression and clinical outcomes. Studies have shown that AECOPD accelerates the decline in lung function and increases the risk of mortality. This article conducts a systematic review to provide an in-depth analysis of the research progress in the epidemiological characteristics, related risk factors, and prevention and treatment strategies of AECOPD. The results indicate that the frequency of AECOPD is closely associated with factors such as age, gender, and the degree of lung function impairment, while respiratory infections, smoking, air pollution, and comorbidities are its major risk factors. In terms of prevention and treatment, personalized management strategies based on risk stratification, as well as novel treatment models, demonstrate significant application value. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the early prevention and standardized management of AECOPD in clinical practice, and to offer references for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies.

Objective To understand the lung health status and influencing factors of dust-exposed workers in Guizhou Province in 2023, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis in Guizhou Province. Methods The relevant data of 1 634 dust-exposed workers in Guizhou Province in 2023 were derived from the Occupational Disease and Occupational Health Information Monitoring System and the Workplace Occupational Disease Hazard Factors Monitoring System, which were both subsystems of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The abnormal rates of chest X-ray and pulmonary function were calculated. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results The abnormal rate of chest X-ray of dust-exposed workers was 9.73% (159/1 634), the abnormal rate of pulmonary function was 18.91% (309/1 634), and the rate of pneumoconiosis-like changes was 2.51% (41/1 634). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, and dust type were independent influencing factors for abnormal chest X-ray (all P<0.05). The risk of abnormal chest X-ray in workers aged 35-44, 45-54, and ≥55 was 6.213 times, 18.915 times, and 20.132 times higher than that of workers aged 18-34, respectively. The risk of abnormal chest X-ray in males was 3.685 times higher than that in females. The risk of abnormal chest X-ray of workers exposed to silica dust and cement dust was 4.517 times and 4.003 times higher than that of workers exposed to other types of dust, respectively. Dust concertration and dust type were independent influencing factors for abnormal pulmonary function. The risk of abnormal pulmonary function among workers exposed to dust with concentrations exceeding the standard was 1.470 times higher than that of workers exposed to dust with concentrations not exceeding the standard. The risk of abnormal pulmonary function of dust-exposed workers exposed to cement dust was 2.101 times higher than that of workers exposed to other types of dust. Conclusion Age, gender, and dust type are the main influencing factors for abnormal chest X-ray in dust-exposed workers. Dust concertration and dust type, are the main influencing factors for abnormal pulmonary function in dust-exposed workers. The supervision and management of key industries and key populations should be strengthened to reduce the incidence of pneumoconiosis and protect the health of workers.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella in Nan’an of Fujian Province from 2015 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for developing prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze varicella case reports from 2015 to 2023 in Nan’an extracted from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Results A total of 9 989 varicella cases were reported in Nan’an from 2015 to 2023, with an average annual incidence rate of 67.96/100 000, showed an overall upward trend (χ {}_{trend}^2=3 102.630, P<0.001). In terms of temporal distribution,varicella incidence showed a bimodal distribution, with the peaks occurring from May to July and from October to January of the following year, accounting for 20.25% (2 023/9 989) and 58.97% (5 891/9 989) of reported cases, respectively. The highest number of cases was reported in December, accounting for 22.34% (2 231/9 989). In terms of geographical distribution, Luncang Town, Liucheng Street, and Honglai Town were the top three in number of reported cases, accounting for 17.42% (1 740/9 989), 13.08% (1 307/9 989), and 12.69% (1 268/9 989), respectively. In terms of population distribution, the reported cases were mainly concentrated in children aged 0 to 14 years, accounting for 79.90% (7 981/9 989), among which the highest incidence rate was observed in the 5 to 9 years old group (316.39/100 000). From 2014 to 2022, the vaccination rate of the first dose of varicella vaccine in the birth cohort of Nan’an fluctuated between 40.56% and 71.65%, and the vaccination rate of the second dose was between 6.71% and 11.47%. Conclusion The reported incidence rate of varicella in Nan’an is on the rise, showing a bimodal distribution. The affected population is mainly children under 15 years old, and the occupation is mainly students. The vaccination rate, especially for the second dose, is low.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan from 2019 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention of such outbreaks. Methods Surveillance data on foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan from 2019 to 2023 were collected and subjected to descriptive epidemiological analysis. Results A total of 60 foodborne disease outbreak events were reported in Huainan from 2019 to 2023, 312 individuals exposed, with 200 cases of illness, the incidence rate was 64.10%, and 2 cases died. The second and third quarters were the peak seasons for foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan, accounting for 88.33% (53/60) of the total reported events, and 91.00% (182/200) of the total reported cases. Households were the main sites of these outbreaks, contributing to 56.67% (34/60) of the total reported events. The events with identified pathogenic factors accounted for 53.33% (32/60) of the total reported incidents, with the primary causative agents being toadstool, representing 26.67% (16/60) of the total reported incidents. Conclusion Foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan are primarily reported during the second and third quarters, occur mainly in household settings, the identified pathogenic factors are toadstool.

Objective To analyze the rural drinking water sanitation status in Bengbu from 2019 to 2022, and to provide scientific basis for improving the rural drinking water sanitation status. Methods The monitoring data of rural drinking water in Bengbu from 2019 to 2022 were collected, and the water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the quality of rural drinking water. Results A total of 1 259 rural water samples were tested, the median (P₂₅, P₇₅) of WQI was 0.63 (0.52, 0.76). The excellent water quality rate was 94.36%, showed an upward trend year by year (χ {}_{trend }^2=27.515, P<0.001). The excellent water quality rate during the dry season was higher than that during the wet season (χ²=9.287, P=0.020). The excellent water quality rate of large-scale water supply projects (daily water supply≥1 000 m³) was higher than that of small-scale water supply projects (daily water supply<1 000 m³) (χ²=20.075, P<0.001). The excellent water quality rate of using disinfection equipment as required was higher than that of not using disinfection equipment as required (χ²=29.639, P<0.001). The main influencing indicators of water quality and sanitation status were fluoride, oxygen consumption, and total bacterial count. Conclusion The rural drinking water quality in Bengbu from 2019 to 2022 is good. The water quality is mainly affected by the type of water period, the scale of the water supply project, and whether the disinfection equipment was used as required.

Objective To establish a simple, fast, wide linear range, accurate and sensitive method for the determination of urea in swimming pool water. Methods According to Examination Methods for Public Places-Part 2: Chemical Pollutants (GB/T 18204. 2-2014) (hereinafter referred to as the national standard method), the water bath time, types and concentrations of reagents, standard series, etc. were optimized. The urea content in swimming pool water was measured by using spectrophotometer for methodological evaluation. Results The concentration range of improved national standard method (referred to as the improved method) was 0-3.50 mg/L, the correlation coefficient was 0.999 8, the relative standard deviation (RSD, n=6) was 1.17%-4.75%, the recovery rate was 97.61%-103.06%, and the detection limit of the method was 0.082 mg/L. There was no statistically significant difference between the improved method and the national standard method for measuring the urea content in 43 swimming pool water samples (Z=‒0.013, P=0.990). Conclusion Improved method has high precision and accuracy, wide linear range, short heating time, stable color products, and is suitable for quantitative detection of urea in swimming pool water.

Objective To understand the infection status of Bandavirus dabieense in Dingyuan County in Anhui Province in 2022, and to provide scientific basis for disease prevention and control. Methods Nucleic acid test was carried out on serum samples of suspected Bandavirus dabieense infection cases reported by medical institutions in Dingyuan County by fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR. Meanwhile, demographic data of suspected Bandavirus dabieense infection cases were collected, and SPSSPRO was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 55 suspected cases of Bandavirus dabieense infection were collected, and 26 cases tested positive for Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid, with a positive detection rate of 47.27%. The peak of Bandavirus dabieense infection occurred from May to August, with the number of Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid positive cases accounting for 73.08% (19/26) of the year. In terms of gender distribution, the positive detection rate of males was 40.00% (12/30), and the positive detection rate of females was 56.00% (14/25), with no statistically significant difference (χ²=1.401, P=0.237). In terms of age distribution, the detection rate of Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid positivity was 64.00% (16/25) among those aged 60 years and above, followed by those aged 50-59 years with a positive rate of 39.13% (9/23). The difference in positive rates between different age groups was statistically significant (χ²=6.248, P=0.045). In terms of regional distribution, the positive detection rate of Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid in Fuxiao Town was 84.62% (11/13), followed by Outang Town and Jiepai Town, both with a positive detection rate of 45.45% (5/11), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=11.852, P=0.047). Among the positive cases detected for the Bandavirus dabieense, 96.15% (25/26) were farmers. Conclusion The Bandavirus dabieense infection in Dingyuan County is mainly among people aged 60 and above, with farmers as the main population. In addition, Bandavirus dabieense infection has obvious seasonal and regional characteristics.

Objective To understand the physical examination rate and its influencing factors of patients with severe mental disorders in Qingyang, thereby providing a basis for enhancing the physical examination rate of such patients. Methods The data of patients with serious mental disorders registered in Qingyang in 2022 and the results of physical examination in 2022 were downloaded from the Gansu Province Mental Health Surveillance Information System. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing participation in health physical examination. Results In 2022, 12 063 patients with severe mental disorders were registered in Qingyang, and 7 847 cases underwent free health physical examination, with physical examination rate of 65.050%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were positively associated with patients’ participation in physical examination: age: 18-44 years (OR=1.537, 95%CI: 1.132-2.086), 45-59 years (OR=1.642, 95%CI: 1.192-2.261), ≥60 years (OR=2.671, 95%CI: 1.902-3.752); per capita net income ≤8 000 yuan/years (OR=1.164, 95%CI: 1.070-1.266); age at onset: 45-59 years (OR=1.266, 95%CI: 1.081-1.483), ≥60 years (OR=1.948, 95%CI: 1.510-2.514); diagnosis: mental retardation accompanied by mental disorders (OR=2.475, 95%CI: 1.553-3.944), mental disorders due to epilepsy (OR=2.685, 95%CI: 1.677-4.299), bipolar affective disorder (OR=1.976, 95%CI: 1.246-3.133), schizophrenia (OR=1.638, 95%CI: 1.046-2.564), and schizo affective disorder (OR=2.022, 95%CI: 1.207-3.387). The following factors were negatively correlated with patients’ participation in physical examination: marital status: unmarried (OR=0.750, 95%CI: 0.663-0.848), divorced (OR=0.673, 95%CI: 0.563-0.804), widowed (OR=0.700, 95%CI: 0.559-0.876); education level: primary school (OR=0.856, 95%CI: 0.772-0.951), junior high school (OR=0.721, 95%CI: 0.640-0.811), senior high school or technical secondary school (OR=0.589, 95%CI: 0.493-0.702), college and above (OR=0.581, 95%CI: 0.447-0.757), occupation was non-farmer (OR=0.745, 95%CI: 0.651-0.853); guardian type: relatives as guardians (OR=0.759, 95%CI: 0.649-0.887), no guardian or other guardians (OR=0.772, 95%CI: 0.654-0.912). Conclusion The physical examination rate of patients with severe mental disorders in Qingyang needs to be further improved. It is necessary to strengthen the mental health resources of community/township medical and health institutions, improve the physical examination items, and focus on unsupervised, weakly supervised, and unmarried patients to promote their active participation in health examinations.

Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of avian influenza viruses in external environments of poultry-related settings in Fuyang from 2019 to 2023, and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of avian influenza in Fuyang. Methods Samples from the external environment of urban and rural live poultry markets, large-scale poultry (including waterfowl) farms, and rural free-range households in Fuyang were collected from 2019 to 2023. Real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR was used for nucleic acid detection of the avian influenza virus, and the positive rate was calculated and chi-square test was conducted. Results A total of 1 164 samples of the external environment of avian influenza were collected in Fuyang from 2019 to 2023, 594 samples were positive for type A influenza virus nucleic acid, with a positive rate of 51.03%. Among these, the H9 subtype accounted for the highest proportion (96.13%, 571/594). The positive rates of external environment monitoring for avian influenza in Fuyang from 2019 to 2023 were 49.82% (136/273), 67.06% (57/85), 57.01% (126/221), 53.33% (96/180), and 44.20% (179/405), respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ²=20.014, P<0.001). The results of external environment monitoring for avian influenza showed that the top three months with the highest positive rates were January (77.14%, 54/70), February (67.78%, 61/90), and May (65.71%, 46/70). The top three counties (cities, districts) with the highest positive rates were Yingzhou District (60.63%, 97/160), Jieshou City (53.38%, 284/532), Yingdong District (48.57%, 34/70), and Yingshang County (48.57%, 17/35). The top three sample types in order of positive rate were poultry drinking water (71.74%, 66/92), swab samples from feather cleaning machines (57.26%, 67/117), and sewage from cleaning poultry (56.50%, 100/177). Conclusion The positive rate of avian influenza virus in the external environment of poultry trading markets in Fuyang is relatively high, posing a risk of human infection with the avian influenza virus. It is recommended to strengthen management measures in poultry trading markets.

Objective To understand the lighting conditions and teaching and living environments of classrooms in primary and secondary schools in Bozhou, and to provide a theoretical basis for relevant departments to formulate intervention measures. Methods A total of 433 primary and secondary schools (361 primary schools, 64 junior high schoolsand 8 senior high schools) in Bozhou were selected from 2022 to 2023 by stratified random sampling method. Two classrooms were randomly inspected in each school to monitor indicators related to classroom lighting, teaching and living environments. The qualification rates of these indicators were calculated, and chi-square tests were conducted. Results The qualification rates of classroom lighting and illumination indicators in primary and secondary schools of Bozhou from 2022 to 2023, in descending order, were as follows:lighting direction (99.77%, 432/433), anti-glare measures (98.85%, 428/433), installation of artificial lighting (91.22%, 395/433), blackboard local lighting setup (74.83%, 324/433), window-to-floor area ratio (74.13%, 321/433), desk surface illuminance (72.29%, 313/433), desk surface uniformity (72.06%, 312/433), blackboard uniformity (69.28%, 300/433), blackboard illuminance (67.44%, 292/433). There was a statistically significant difference in the qualification rate of blackboard uniformity among primary schools (69.53%), junior high schools (75.00%) and senior high schools (25.00%) (χ²=8.389, P=0.015). The qualification rates of teaching and living environment indicators in primary and secondary schools of Bozhou, in descending order, were as follows: classroom ventilation facilities (99.08%, 429/433), desk and chair provision (90.30%, 391/433), per capita classroom area (72.98%, 316/433), and toilet and handwashing facility setup in teaching buildings (53.12%, 230/433). There were statistically significant differences in the qualification rates of desk and chair provision (primary schools 91.97%, junior high schools 89.06%, senior high schools 25.00%) (χ²=40.203, P=0.001), per capita classroom area (primary schools 75.07%, junior high schools 65.63%, senior high schools 37.50%) (χ²=7.662, P=0.022), and toilet and handwashing facility setup in teaching buildings (primary schools 48.75%, junior high schools 71.00%, senior high schools 100.00%) (χ²=18.864, P=0.001) among different educational stages. Conclusion The overall environmental monitoring results of primary and secondary schools in Bozhou are good. However, the qualification rates for blackboard uniformity, desk and chair provision, and per capita classroom area in senior high schools are relatively low.

Objective To analyze the mortality characteristics and disease burden trends of malignant tumors in Youyang County of Chongqing, and to provide basis for developing prevention and control strategies. Methods Data from 2012 to 2023 were collected through the cause-of-death surveillance system of Youyang County, indicators such as mortality rate, standardized mortality, years of life lost (YLL), YLL rate, average years of life lost (AYLL), and potential years of life lost (PYLL) were calculated. The annual percentage change (APC) was used to analyze the trends of malignant tumor mortality and disease burden. Results From 2012 to 2023, the crude mortality of malignant tumors in Youyang County increased from 88.23/100 000 to 163.99/100 000 (APC=3.77%, t=2.870, P=0.017). Both males (APC=3.67%, t=2.771, P=0.020) and females (APC=3.77%, t=2.888, P=0.016) showed significant increase, but the standardized mortality remained stable (P>0.05). In terms of age distribution, the mortality in the 15-<45 age group was decreased (APC=-6.11%, t=-3.948, P=0.003), and the mortality in the ≥65 age group was the highest (623.57/100 000). The AYLL was 25.07 years, and showed a downward trend (APC=-1.49%, t=-7.502, P<0.001). The YLL rate was 34.61‰, and remained stable (APC=2.22%, t=1.767, P=0.108), and the PYLL ranged from 1.62 to 2.47 years (APC=0.80, t=0.574, P=0.579). Conclusion The mortality of malignant tumors in Youyang County is on the rise, males and the elderly are the key target populations for prevention and control of malignant tumors in Youyang County.

Objective To understand the health status and changing trends of children aged 3 to 6 years in preschool institutions in Wanzhi District of Wuhu, and to provide scientific basis for taking corresponding intervention measures to promote the health care work of children in preschool institutions. Methods The physical examination results of 9 529 children aged 3 to 6 years from 57 preschool institutions in Wanzhi District of Wuhu were collected from April to June in 2024. The development status of children in preschool institutions was comprehensively evaluated by analyzing their height, weight, vision, oral health, and psychological behavior development. Results A total of 9 529 children were examined, with those aged 3-6 years accounting for 19.89%, 31.83%, 34.40% and 13.88%, respectively. Males and females accounted for 52.63% and 47.37%, respectively. Examination results showed that the detection rates of dental caries, overweight, visual abnormalities, obesity, anemia, malnutrition, and positive warning signs of psychological behavior development problems were 19.27%, 13.82%, 8.65%, 6.42%, 6.39%, 1.93%and 0.62%, respectively. Among them, the detection rates of dental caries (χ {}_{trend}^2=348.000, P<0.001), visual abnormalities (χ {}_{trend}^2=292.032, P<0.001), obesity (χ {}_{trend}^2=15.807, P<0.001), and malnutrition (χ {}_{trend}^2=8.795, P=0.003) increased with age, and the detection rates of overweight (χ {}_{trend}^2=37.505, P<0.001), anemia (χ {}_{trend}^2=26.784, P<0.001) decreased by age. In male and female students, the detection rates of dental caries were 17.97% and 20.71% (χ²=11.527, P=0.001), the detection rates of overweight were 15.31% and 12.16% (χ²=19.815, P<0.001), the detection rates of obesity were 7.28% and 5.47% (χ²=12.897, P<0.001), and the detection rates of malnutrition were 1.58% and 2.33% (χ²=7.072, P=0.008), the differences were statistically significant. Conclusion In Wanzhi District of Wuhu City, overweight, obesity, poor eyesight, and dental caries are common health issues among children aged 3 to 6 years. Both parents and preschool institutions should prioritize these concerns.

Objective To understand the current status of residents' health literacy level in Anhui Province in 2023,and to explore the relevant influencing factors,thus to provide basis for improving the health literacy and health level of residents.Methods A stratified,multi-stage,simple random sampling,and probability proportionate to size (PPS) sampling method was used to select 15-69 years old permanent residents from 39 counties and districts in Anhui Province for a health literacy questionnaire survey.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to screen the influencing factors of the residents' health literacy level.Results The health literacy level and weighted adjusted level of residents in Anhui Province in 2023 were 31.09% and 32.34%.The health literacy levels of health knowledge and concept,healthy lifestyle and behavior,and health skills were 45.41%,33.01% and 30.44%,respectively.The health literacy levels in safety and first aid,scientific health concept,health information,chronic disease prevention and treatment,basic medical treatment,and infectious disease prevention and control were 64.35%,60.37%,45.93%,36.67%,27.30% and 23.54%,respectively.Compared to women,men had higher health literacy level (OR=1.134,95%CI:1.050-1.226).Compared to farmers,civil servants or personnel from public institutions had higher health literacy level (OR=1.180,95%CI:1.027-1.357).Compared to those who were illiterate or less literate,residents with primary school,junior high school,senior high school/vocational high school/technical secondary school,college/undergraduate and above had higher health literacy level (OR=2.238,95%CI:1.659-3.018;OR=5.908,95%CI:4.449-7.844;OR=9.547,95%CI:7.109-12.820;OR=24.028,95%CI:17.833-32.374).Compared to the 65-69 years old group,the 15-24,25-34,35-44,45-54 and 55-64 years old groups had higher health literacy level (OR=3.020,95%CI:2.254-4.047;OR=3.627,95%CI:2.871-4.696;OR=3.530,95%CI:2.771-4.498;OR=2.879,95%CI:2.265-3.661;OR=1.413,95%CI:1.099-1.816).Conclusion The health literacy level of residents in Anhui Province is still at a relatively low level.Gender,education level,age and occupation are important factors influencing the health literacy level.

Objective To understand the infection routes,sexual behavior characteristics and infection status of high-risk sexual partners of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Yandu District,Yancheng City,and to explore a suitable traceability work model for this region. Methods A one-on-one questionnaire survey was conducted in newly reported HIV/AIDS cases and their high-risk sexual partners in Yandu District from 2019 to 2023,and HIV antibody testing was performed in high-risk sexual partners.Statistical analysis was conducted by using SPSS 22.0. Results From 2019 to 2023,there were 145 newly reported cases of HIV/AIDS in Yandu District,and traceability survey was completed in 141 cases,including 114 males and 27 females,with male to female ratio of 4.22∶1.All 141 cases of HIV/AIDS were transmitted through sexual contact,male cases mainly transmitted through male to male sexual activity (51.75%,59/114),and female cases mainly transmitted through positive spouse or fixed sexual partners (59.26%,16/27),with statistically significant differences (χ²=56.411,P<0.001).Among 114 male HIV/AIDS cases,the main types of sexual behavior in the first 6 months before HIV antibody confirmation were male to male (51.75%,59/114) and marital or fixed heterosexual behavior (49.12%,56/114),and 86.84% of cases (99/114) had 2 or more sexual partners.Among 27 female HIV/AIDS cases,the main type of sexual behavior in the first 6 months before HIV antibody confirmation was marital or fixed heterosexual behavior (70.83%,17/24),16.67% of cases (4/24) had 2 or more sexual partners.The success rate of tracking high-risk sexual partners in newly reported HIV/AIDS cases was 61.40% (210/342),and the HIV positive rate of high-risk sexual partners was 10.95% (23/210).The success rate of tracking high-risk sexual partners in male HIV/AIDS cases was 59.87% (182/304),and the HIV positive rate of high-risk sexual partners was 10.99% (20/182).Among them,the HIV positive rates of fixed heterosexual partners/spouses,non-marital temporary heterosexual partners,and male homosexual partners were 18.82% (16/85),2.44% (1/41) and 5.36% (3/56),respectively,with statistically significant difference (χ²=10.214,P=0.006).The success rate of tracking high-risk sexual partners in female HIV/AIDS cases was 73.68% (28/38),and the HIV positive rate of high-risk sexual partners was 10.71% (3/28). Conclusion The newly reported male HIV/AIDS cases with fixed heterosexual partners/spouses have a relatively high HIV positive detection.In traceability survey,continued attention should be paid to the notification and testing of fixed heterosexual partners/spouses of male cases,thus to identify more potentially infected individuals.At the same time,the tracing work mode should be actively optimized to strengthen the tracking of same-sex partners and non-marital temporary heterosexual partners of male cases.

Objective To analyze the mortality characteristics and life loss trends of malignant tumors among residents in Dantu District of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province, and to provide basis for the government to formulate targeted prevention and control measures. Methods Indicators such as mortality, standardized mortality, cause of death ranking, probability of premature death, potential years of life lost (PYLL), and average years of life lost (AYLL) were used to analyze the data of malignant tumor death in Dantu District. Results From 2012 to 2023, the average mortality of malignant tumors among residents in Dantu District was 289.31/100 000, showed an increasing trend (AAPC=1.59%, P=0.004), while the standardized mortality was 124.27/100 000, showed a decreasing trend (AAPC=-2.69%, P<0.001). The mortality exhibited an increasing trend with the increase of age (P<0.001). The top five causes of death from malignant tumors were gastric cancer (24.67%), lung cancer (18.47%), esophageal cancer (16.07%), liver cancer (11.00%), and colorectal cancer (6.63%), accounting for 76.84% of all deaths caused by malignant tumors. The PYLL analysis showed that the PYLL for malignant tumors was 44 389.5 person-years, the PYLLR was 14.27‰. The top five PYLL for the entire population were gastric cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, and colorectal cancer. The AYLL for malignant tumors was 9.83 years, leukemia had the highest AYLL, cervical cancer and breast cancer ranked second and third in female AYLL. Conclusion The prevention and control situation of malignant tumors in Dantu District remains severe. Gastrointestinal tumors and lung cancer are the main disease burdens. It is suggested to pay attention to men and the elderly, and strengthen the early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer and cervical cancer, and carry out targeted prevention and control measures.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of influenza-like illness (ILI) and the patterns of prevalent strains in Xinyang from 2014 to 2024,in order to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of influenza.Methods The data of ILI surveillance and laboratory test in the surveillance years from 2014 to 2024 in Xinyang were collected from the National Influenza Surveillance Network,and descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic characteristics.Results A total of 87 642 ILI cases were reported from 2014 to 2024,accounting for 1.79% of all visiting patients,proportions of ILI cases among all patients (ILI%) ranged from 0.50% to 6.40% in different years.The proportion of all ILI cases was highest in age group 0-4 years (33.99%),and was lowest in the people aged 60 years old and above (9.80%).Among 7 705 ILI samples,1 489 samples were positive for influenza nucleic acid,the positive rate was 19.33%(1 489/7 705),with the positive rates of type A,type B and mixed types of influenza virus were 11.97%(922/7 705),7.31%(563/7 705),0.05%(4/7 705),respectively.The top three surveillance years with the highest influenza nucleic acid positive rates were 2017-2018 (30.48%),2021-2022 (29.67%) and 2023-2024 (26.49%),respectively.In different surveillance years,the positive rate of influenza nucleic acid was different (χ²=405.465,P<0.001),and the influenza A and B virus typing was different (χ²=720.477,P<0.001).The positive rate of influenza nucleic acid was different among different age groups (χ²=212.207,P<0.001),and the positive rate was highest in the 5-14 years old group (27.39%),while was lowest in the 0-4 years old group (11.45%).The difference in influenza virus typing among different age groups was statistically significant (χ²=17.322,P=0.002),and influenza A virus was the dominant strain in all age groups.The dominant strains of influenza were different in different surveillance years,with influenza A virus was the dominant strain,and the peak of the pandemic occurred from the 48th week of the current year to the 4th week of the following year.Conclusion Influenza was prevalent mainly in winter and spring from 2014 to 2024 in Xinyang,with alternating mixed prevalence of different influenza virus types.Influenza A strain is the epidemic dominant strain.The age group of 5-14 years is the key population for prevention and control.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) surveillance cases in Hubei Province from 2019 to 2023,and to provide a basis for SFTS prevention and control. Methods A database of SFTS reported surveillance cases in Hubei Province was established to describe the temporal,spatial and population characteristics of cases.SPSS 22.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 3 098 SFTS surveillance cases were reported in Hubei Province from 2019 to 2023,including 33 fatal cases,with an average annual incidence rate and mortality rate of 1.06/100 000 and 0.11/1 000 000,respectively.The incidence peaked from April to October each year,accounting for 95.71% (2 965/3 098) of the year,showed a rising trend year by year.Except for Qianjiang and Shennongjia,cases were reported in 15 cities and states,and the top 3 cities and states in terms of reported incidence rate were Suizhou,Huanggang and Xiaogan,with an average annual incidence rate of 8.43/100 000,4.92/100 000 and 1.48/100 000,respectively.The age of cases ranged from 1 to 92 years old,with a median of 64(56,71) years,85.60% (2 652/3 098) of cases aged 50-79 years.Females accounted for 54.74% (1 696/3 098),and occupation was dominated by farmers,accounting for 82.41% (2 553/3 098).The age range of fatal cases was 33-75 years,with a median of 65(62,67) years,and 96.97% (32/33) of the cases were aged 50-79 years.Females accounted for 54.55% (18/33),and the occupation was predominantly farmer,accounting for 72.72% (24/33). Conclusion SFTS surveillance case reports in Hubei Province from 2019 to 2023 displays an increasing trend with regional aggregation and scope expansion,and it is recommended to implement targeted prevention and control for high-risk populations during the epidemic season.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of an influenza A outbreak in a school,providing reference for the daily prevention and control of infectious diseases in schools and the management of outbreaks. Methods Case data information was actively searched and collected,throat swab samples of some cases were collected for laboratory testing,data were collated and SPSS 26.0 software was applied for data analysis. Results A total of 54 influenza like cases were found in the school outbreak,with an attack rate of 6.80%.There were 52 student cases,with an attack rate of 7.04%,and 2 teacher cases,with an attack rate of 3.64%.There was no significant difference in the attack rate between teachers and students (χ²=0.474,P=0.491).The attack rate among different grades was not the same,and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=121.431,P<0.001).Among 54 influenza like cases,there were 28 male cases with an attack rate of 7.04% (28/398) and 26 female cases with an attack rate of 6.57% (26/396).There was no statistically significant difference in the attack rate between males and females (χ²=0.069,P=0.793).Among the 54 cases of influenza,32 cases (59.26%) were registered as missing classes due to illness,and 22 cases (40.74%) were screened in the morning and afternoon.A total of 14 throat swab specimens were collected,among which 10 (71.43%) tested positive for H1N1 nucleic acid. Conclusion This is an outbreak caused by the H1N1 influenza virus.The key to the prevention and control of school infectious diseases is to standardize the tracking of school absences due to illness,morning and afternoon examination,as well as early detection,early reporting and early disposal.

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics and trend of infectious diseases among kindergarten children in Anhui Province,and to provide reference for the development of prevention and control strategies for infectious diseases in children. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the surveillance data of infectious diseases among kindergarten children in Anhui Province from 2014 to 2023.Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of incidence rate in different years. Results A total of 372 745 cases of 32 infectious diseases were reported in Anhui Province from 2014 to 2023 among children in childcare institutions,with an average annual incidence rate of 1 876.60/100 000,showed a stable trend (AAPC=12.79%,P=0.064).The top five cumulative reported cases were hand-foot-mouth disease (48.49%),influenza (27.74%),chicken pox (9.78%),other infectious diarrheal diseases (7.32%),and mumps (4.58%).The reported incidence rate of hand-foot-mouth disease decreased slowly (AAPC=-4.04%,P=0.308),mumps showed an upward trend (AAPC=1.67%,P=0.793),but had no statistically significant difference.The reported incidence rate of influenza (AAPC=66.54%,P<0.001) and other infectious diarrheal diseases (AAPC=15.43%,P<0.001) showed an upward trend.The reported incidence rate of chickenpox showed a rising-falling trend,with an upward trend from 2014 to 2019 (APC=32.11%,P<0.001),and a decreasing trend from 2019 to 2023 (APC=-12.89%,P=0.008).The incidence of infectious diseases in kindergarten children showed a bimodal type,the peak incidence of infectious diseases was from April to June and from October to January of the following year.The proportion of intestinal infectious diseases was high in boys (58.46%) and children under 3 years old (82.91%). Conclusion The incidence of infectious diseases among kindergarten children in Anhui Province is relatively high,and the incidence trend is stable.Intestinal and respiratory infectious diseases account for the main part,and the seasonal characteristics are obvious,so it is necessary to take targeted prevention and control measures according to the epidemic characteristics and the actual situation,thus to effectively control the occurrence and epidemics of common infectious diseases in nursery children.

Objective To understand and explore the epidemiological characteristics and trends of reported incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Anhui Province from 2020 to 2024. Methods The reported incidence data of pulmonary tuberculosis in Anhui Province from 2020 to 2024 were collected from the Infectious Disease Reporting Surveillance System,a subsystem of the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention.The changing trends in tuberculosis reported incidence rates were analyzed by using the Joinpoint regression model.The distribution characteristics across different time periods,regions,age groups,genders,and occupations were compared. Results From 2020 to 2024,the reported incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Anhui Province declined from 41.87/100 000 in 2020 to 33.75/100 000 in 2024,with an overall decrease of approximately 19.39% (AAPC=-5.05%,P= 0.017).The etiological positive rate significantly increased from 50.41% to 67.39% (AAPC= 8.01%,P<0.001).Regional distribution showed the highest reported incidence rate in Southern Anhui (41.82/100 000),followed by Central Anhui (39.59/100 000) and Northern Anhui (32.48/100 000).Demographic analysis demonstrated substantially higher incidence rate in males (52.74/100 000) than in females (21.24/100 000) (χ²=20 514.97,P<0.001),with an average male-to-female ratio of 2.58∶1.Among different age groups,individuals aged ≥65 years had the highest incidence rate (99.65/100 000).Occupational distribution showed that farmers,herdsmen and fishermen accounted for the largest proportion of cases (67.56%),followed by homemakers and unemployed individuals (12.56%). Conclusion The reported incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in Anhui Province shows a downward trend,but there are obvious regional and population differences.Southern Anhui is the key prevention and control area,and males,the elderly individuals aged≥65 years and farmers,herdsmen,fishermen are high-risk populations requiring targeted interventions.

Objective To examine the current status of disease prevention and control (CDC) institutions in Anhui Province,to identify key factors that limiting the development of CDC institutions at different levels,and provide scientific strategies for promotion of the reform of the three-tier CDC system.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on 132 CDC institutions in Anhui Province regarding their infrastructure,talent team building,financial support,and scientific research from 2020 to 2022.Additionally,on-site surveys and thematic interviews were carried out in 15 CDC institutions.Results All 132 surveyed CDC institutions were public welfare category I institutions.Among them,46.21% (61/132) had inadequate basic construction area,and 59.85% (79/132) had inadequate laboratory area.The province's CDC institutions collectively had one Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory,368 BSL-2 laboratories,and a total of 18 426 laboratory instruments and equipment,with 93.47% of the equipment valued below CNY 500 000;and 31.81% (42/132) of the CDC institutions provided external technical services.The total number of approved positions in the 132 CDC institutions was 7 987,with 6 107 people actually on duty,among whom professional technical personnel accounted for 80.92%.The proportion of senior title staff in provincial,municipal,and county-level CDC institutions was 31.89% (96/301),20.29% (276/1 360),and 9.33% (306/3 281),respectively.In 2022,the financial subsidy funds of provincial disease control institutions accounted for 81.61% of the total income,with project expenditure accounted for 55.01% of the total expenditure.The average annual salary per capita for on-duty personnel in provincial,municipal,and county-level CDC institutions was CNY 157 700,CNY 135 300,and CNY 113 400,respectively.The proportions of performance-based rewards in the total income were 6.72%,8.35% and 7.76%,respectively.From 2020 to 2022,the province's CDC institutions launched 86 scientific research projects and published 532 papers.Conclusion The CDC system in Anhui Province has evident weaknesses in organizational structure,basic construction,remuneration,talent echelon building,and scientific innovation.Grassroots CDC institutions generally suffer from insufficient capacity,rigid mechanisms,and lack of motivation.

Objective To understand the distribution of health administrative penalty cases in Yinchuan,and provide reference for further improving the quality of health supervision and the level of law-based administration.Methods The closed administrative penalty cases handled by health supervision institutions at all levels were collected in Yinchuan from January 1,2019 to December 31,2023.The basic information of the cases,sources of cases,professional fields of cases,and types of penalties were statistically analyzed.Results From 2019 to 2023,a total of 1 872 administrative penalty cases were handled in Yinchuan.The majority of the penalty procedure was ordinary procedure,accounting for 58.97% (1 104/1 872).The main way of fulfilling the penalties was voluntary compliance,accounting for 98.18% (1 838/1 872).The cases were mainly discovered during health supervision and management,accounting for 79.49% (1 488/1 872).The main categories of the cases were public place hygiene and medical hygiene,accounting for 68.29% (1 278/1 872).The types of penalties were mainly warnings and warnings combined with other penalties,accounting for 73.24% (1 371/1 872).Conclusion The number of health administrative penalty cases in Yinchuan has decreased year by year in the past five years.There are problems such as relatively concentrated sources of cases and professional fields of penalty cases,and uneven enforcement in different regions.

Objective To grasp the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in Wudang District of Guiyang,and to provide a theoretical basis for making tuberculosis prevention and control strategies in Wudang District.Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in Wudang District of Guiyang from 2018 to 2023.Statistical analysis was carried out by Chi-square test and trend Chi-square test.Results A total of 1 133 tuberculosis cases were reported in Wudang District from 2018 to 2023,with an annual reported incidence rate of 63.24/100 000,showed a downward trend ($\chi_{\text { trend }}^{2}$=25.031,P<0.001).Among 1 133 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis,640 cases were positive in etiology,accounting for 56.49%,showed an upward trend ($\chi_{\text { trend }}^{2}$=43.545,P<0.001).The reported incidence rate of tuberculosis was 74.97/100 000 in males,and that was 50.84/100 000 in females,with a statistically significant difference in the reported incidence rate between males and females of 1.47∶1 (χ²=41.265,P<0.001).The top three townships with the highest reported incidence rate of tuberculosis were Xinguang Road Street (133.00/100 000),Pianpo Township (101.92/100 000) and Shuitian Town (81.26/100 000).Among all reported cases,56.05% of cases (635/1 133) were reported from March to August,74.49% of cases (844/1 133) were reported from 15 to 65 years old,and 35.13% of cases (398/1 133) were reported from farmers.Conclusion The incidence rate of tuberculosis in the annual report of Wudang District is generally on the downward trend.Health education,monitoring,treatment and case reporting for high-risk population of tuberculosis still need to be carried out.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory infections (ARI) pathogens in Yizheng City from 2021 to 2023,and provide a basis for prevention and control.Methods A total of 1 693 throat swab samples from ARI sentinel monitoring hospital in Yizheng City from 2021 to 2023 were selected for pathogen detection using real-time fluorescence PCR.The detection rate and composition ratio of pathogens were calculated,and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0.Results A total of 1 693 throat swab samples were tested,551 were positive for respiratory pathogens,with a positive rate of 32.55%(551/1 693).Among them,499 were infected with a single pathogen,with a positive detection rate of 29.47%,and 52 were infected with mixed pathogens,with a positive detection rate of 3.07%(52/1 693).The highest positive detection rate of influenza virus in single pathogen infection was 11.10% (188/1 693),and the highest detection rate of human rhinovirus+enterovirus dual mixed infection in mixed pathogen infection was 0.77% (13/1 693).From the perspective of time distribution,the positive detection rates of pathogens from 2021 to 2023 were 12.97%,29.18%,53.67%.respectively,with statistically significant differences (χ²=221.541,P<0.001).From the perspective of seasonal distribution,the positive detection rates of pathogens in spring,summer,autumn,and winter were 29.48%,32.59%,37.97%,and 29.35%,respectively,with statistically significant differences (χ²=9.598,P=0.022),with the highest detection rate in autumn (37.97%).From the perspective of age distribution,there was a statistically significant difference in the positive detection rate of pathogens among different age groups (χ²=75.109,P<0.001).The age group of 15-25 had the highest positive detection rate of pathogens (50.00%),and the influenza virus detection rate was the highest in this age group,at 28.40% (46/162).From the perspective of gender distribution,the positive detection rates of pathogens in males and females were 31.49% and 33.92%,respectively,with no statistically significant difference (χ²=1.121,P=0.290).Conclusion The ARI pathogen in Yizheng City is mainly influenza virus,with a high incidence in winter.Adolescents aged 15-25 are the main infected population.

Objective To establish the adolescent concise health index (ACHI) in Bao'an District of Shenzhen,and to provide a quantitative tool for comprehensively evaluating youth health at the regional level. Methods Six indicators were selected: waist circumference,relative grip strength,mental health status,physical exercise,screen time,and sleep duration.The AHP-CRITIC combined weighting method was used to determine the weight coefficients of each indicator,and the TOPSIS method was applied to calculate the students' ACHI.Differences in ACHI among students from different schools were compared and analyzed by using ANOVA or t-tests. Results A total of 3 930 adolescents from Bao'an District of Shenzhen were included,with an average age of (14.71±1.45) years,and males accounting for 51.81% (2 036/3 930).The coefficient ranges for the AHP-CRITIC combined weighting method of ACHI were as follows: waist circumference (0.097 4-0.108 6),relative grip strength (0.139 8-0.145 7),mental health status (0.340 4-0.362 3),screen time (0.134 1-0.140 5),sleep duration (0.117 0-0.141 7),and physical exercise (0.118 7-0.153 9).The TOPSIS results showed that in junior high schools,male and female students in School B had higher ACHI than those in School A and School C (F=3.258,P=0.039;F=9.988,P<0.001).In senior high schools,male and female students in School E demonstrated significantly higher ACHI than those in School D,with statistically significant differences (t=5.130,P=0.024;t=3.184,P=0.002). Conclusion The ACHI constructed in this study can reflect health disparities among students from different schools in Bao'an District,and can serve as a quantitative tool for adolescent health surveillance and comprehensive evaluation in Bao'an District.

Objective To understand the status and influencing factors of diagnostic delay in tuberculosis patients in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (abbreviated as Guangxi),and to provide reference for scientifically formulating tuberculosis prevention and control measures. Methods Data of tuberculosis patients registered from 2019 to 2024 in Guangxi were exported from the Tuberculosis Information Management System of the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System,with a total of 207 027 patients included.The chi-square trend test was used to analyze temporal changes of delayed detection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis,and multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify influencing factors. Results From 2019 to 2024,the diagnostic delay rate among tuberculosis patients in Guangxi was 54.36% (112 537/207 027),with a median delay time of 32 (14,70) days.The delay rate showed a decreasing trend from 2019 to 2022 (annual decrease rate: 0.30%,χ ${ }_{trend}^{2}$=76.132,P<0.001),but rebounded to 56.69% in 2023-2024.The delay rate was higher in males (54.91%) than in females (52.93%),and the delay rate was the highest in the 45-64 age group (57.17%).Farmers (56.91%) and unemployed/retired individuals (50.53%) had higher delay rates than those with stable occupations (43.81%).Fangchenggang (65.27%) and Qinzhou (63.93%) had the highest delay rates,but Qinzhou exhibited a significant annual decrease rate (1.94%).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that compared to patients aged <24 years,those aged 45-64 (OR=1.158,95%CI:1.109-1.208) had a higher risk of diagnostic delay.Compared to patients with stable occupations,unemployed/retired individuals (OR=1.340,95%CI:1.277-1.406) and farmers (OR=1.499,95%CI:1.436-1.565) had higher risk of diagnostic delay,while students (OR=0.840,95%CI:0.784-0.901) had a lower risk of diagnostic delay.Compared to patients detected due to symptoms/recommendation,those identified through contact tracing (OR=1.152,95%CI:1.110-1.196) had a higher risk of diagnostic delay,while those diagnosed through referral (OR=0.876,95%CI:0.854-0.898) or health checkups/active screening (OR=0.380,95%CI:0.344-0.419) had lower risk of diagnostic delay.Compared to patients first diagnosed at autonomous region-level facilities,those first diagnosed at prefecture-level (OR=0.625,95%CI:0.606-0.646) or county (city,district) level (OR=0.875,95%CI: 0.848-0.902) institutions had lower risk of diagnostic delay.Compared to new patients,retreated patients (OR=1.196,95%CI:1.157-1.237) had higher risk of diagnostic delay. Conclusion The issue of diagnostic delay in tuberculosis patients in Guangxi is prominent,and enhanced the active screening for high-risk groups (aged 45-64,farmers,and retreated cases),are urgently needed.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy (DIP) and its associated factors in Anhui Province. Methods Data on pregnant women who had terminated their pregnancies were collected in 18 critical maternal monitoring hospitals in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2021,based on the National Critical Maternal Hospital Monitoring Information Direct Reporting System.Multivariate logistic regression analysis model was used to analyze factors associated with DIP. Results A total of 173 594 pregnant and postpartum women were included,and 22 610 cases of DIP were detected,with a prevalence rate of 13.02%.From 2019 to 2021,the prevalence rates of DIP were 10.51%,12.20%,and 17.15%,respectively,showed an increasing trend year by year (χ${ }_{trend}^{2}$=1 085.327,P<0.001).The highest prevalence rate of DIP was observed in Central Anhui (15.58%),followed by Southern Anhui (11.06%),and Northern Anhui (8.81%).The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the factors positively associated with DIP in pregnant women were residing in Central Anhui (OR=1.420,95%CI: 1.345-1.500), maternal age (21-34 years old: OR=1.578,95%CI:1.401-1.777; ≥ 35 years old: OR=2.403,95%CI: 2.123-2.721), education level of junior high school or below (OR=1.085,95%CI: 1.042-1.130), number of pregnancies ≥2 (OR=1.193,95%CI: 1.155-1.233), gestational hypertension (OR=1.940,95%CI: 1.854-2.029), pregnancy with liver disease (OR=1.290,95%CI: 1.076-1.546), and pregnancy with kidney disease (OR=1.342,95%CI: 1.035-1.742). The factors negatively associated with DIP in pregnant women were residing in Northern Anhui (OR=0.735,95%CI:0.692-0.780) and pregnancy with anemia (OR=0.903,95%CI:0.876-0.931). Conclusion The prevalence of maternal DIP is relatively high in Anhui Province.Advanced maternal age,low literacy,multiple pregnancies,and comorbidities such as hypertension,liver disease,and kidney disease are risk factors for the occurrence of DIP,which should be recognized as early as possible and intervened actively.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trends of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in Huainan,and to provide evidence for optimizing regional prevention and control strategies. Methods The data of all DR-TB cases registered in Huainan from January 1,2018,to December 31,2022,were extracted from the Tuberculosis Information Management System of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System.Descriptive analysis and chi-square tests were performed by using SPSS 19.0. Results A total of 249 DR-TB patients were registered and treated in Huainan from 2018 to 2022,and the average annual registered incidence rate was 1.51/100 000.The trend in registered incidence rate remained stable (χ ${ }_{trend}^{2}$=1.434,P=0.231).Population distribution showed that the male-to-female ratio was 3.79∶1,and the average annual registered incidence rate of males (2.33/100 000) was higher than females (0.64/100 000),with statistically significant difference (χ²=78.195,P<0.001).The highest proportion of cases was observed in the 45-64 age group (49.00%),with statistically significant differences among different age groups (χ²=85.320,P<0.001).Farmers constituted the largest occupational group (34.94%,87/249).Regional distribution showed that Tianjia'an District (23.29%),Xiejiaji District (19.68%),and Shou County (14.46%) reported the highest proportions of registered cases.Multidrug resistance was the most common resistance type (52.61%,131/249),followed by rifampicin resistance (34.14%,85/249).Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was the primary detection method (82.73%,206/249). Conclusion The prevalence of DR-TB in Huainan exhibits characteristics including male dominance,high incidence among those aged 45-64,predominance among farmers,and urban clustering,with a relatively high proportion of primary drug resistance.It is necessary to strengthen the active screening among male farmers aged 45-64.

Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of injury severity due to falls in Fuyang District of Hangzhou,and to provide scientific evidence for formulating prevention and control intervention policies. Methods The clinical data from hospital injury monitoring in Fuyang District from 2021 to 2023 were collected,and the epidemic characteristics were analyzed.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of injury severity. Results A total of 16 261 cases of falls were collected.The severity of injury was mainly mild (10 133 cases),accounting for 62.31%.There were 6 128 moderate and severe cases,accounting for 37.69%.The multivariate analysis showed that 60-74 years old (OR=1.466,95%CI: 1.038-2.071),75 years old and above (OR=2.052,95%CI: 1.443-2.918),occupation of business service (OR=1.638,95%CI: 1.099-2.442),agricultural and fishery workers (OR=2.309,95%CI: 1.577-3.382),retired and unemployed persons (OR=2.137,95%CI: 1.246-3.667),workers (OR=2.558,95%CI: 1.747-3.747),injury occurred at home (including yard,etc.) (OR=1.638,95%CI: 1.142-1.901),activity when falls occurred was working (OR=2.373,95%CI: 2.005-2.808),housework (OR=1.135,95%CI: 1.027-1.255),school activities (OR=2.054,95%CI: 1.103-3.825),physical activities (OR=1.636,95%CI: 1.044-2.563) were risk factors of injury severity for falls. Conclusion Patients with moderate and severe injuries account for a large proportion of injury cases,and the influencing factors are various.Targeted prevention and control work should be carried out according to relevant risk factors.

Objective To understanding the application value of whole genome sequencing (WGS) in serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella,and to explore the application potential of WGS in the field of Salmonella laboratory detection. Methods Fifty raw meat samples sold in Bozhou from 2022 to 2023 were randomly selected for bacterial culture and isolation.Slide agglutination tests and broth microdilution methods were used for serotyping and drug resistance testing of Salmonella.Salmonella nucleic acids were extracted for WGS and sequence assembly.SeqSero2 and ResFinder4 were utilized to predict serotypes and resistant genes,and the coincidence rate was calculated. Results A total of 15 Salmonella strains were isolated.The slide agglutination test identified 12 serotypes,while WGS identified 11 serotypes.Among them,the serotyping results of slide agglutination test and WGS were consistent in 14 Salmonella strains,with a coincidence rate of 93.33% (14/15).The drug susceptibility test results by microdilution broth method showed that 15 Salmonella strains were resistant to 10 out of 11 antibiotics.WGS detected 12 Salmonella resistance genes.The coincidence rate between the resistance results of Salmonella detected by WGS and those by microdilution broth method was 89.09% (49/55). Conclusion WGS is rapid and accurate in identifying serotypes and detecting drug resistance in Salmonella,and has high application potential and value in the field of Salmonella detection.

Objective To investigate the death characteristics and causes of years of life lost (YLL) among the elderly population aged 60 and above in Ganzhou from 2020 to 2024,thus to provide scientific basis for health management of the elderly population.Methods Death surveillance data of permanent residents aged 60 and above in Ganzhou from 2020 to 2024 were collected.SPSS 26.0 was used for statistical analysis.Indicators such as potential years of life lost (PYLL),PYLL rate (PYLLR),and average YLL (AYLL) were utilized to evaluate the YLL due to various causes of death among the elderly population.Results From 2020 to 2024,the reported number of deaths among the elderly population aged 60 and above in Ganzhou accounted for 81.42% (235 688/289 481) of the total population deaths,with an average annual crude death rate of 32.75‰ (235 688/7 196 594),and a standardized death rate of 30.71‰.Deaths in the elderly population aged 75 and above accounted for 65.91% (155 347/235 688).The mortality rate of males (37.76‰) was higher than that of females (28.28‰) (χ²=5 093.795,P<0.001).The top 10 causes of death were heart diseases,cerebrovascular diseases,respiratory system diseases,malignant tumors,endocrine nutritional metabolic diseases,injuries,digestive system diseases,mental disorders,urogenital system diseases,and nervous system diseases,accounting for 94.19% (221 992/235 688) of all deaths in the elderly population.The PYLL caused by all causes of death in the elderly population was 514 943.00 person-years,with PYLLR of 71.55‰ and AYLL of 2.18 years/person.Malignant tumors ranked the highest in all indicators,which were 155 697.50 person-years,21.63‰,and 3.94 years/person,respectively.Conclusion The leading causes of death among the elderly population aged 60 and above in Ganzhou are heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases,with malignant tumors contributing the most to YLL.Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,as well as malignant tumors,should be prioritized as key points in the prevention and management of elderly health.

Objective To understand the current status of thyroid function among adults and pregnant women in two iodine-deficient areas,Changfeng County and Tongcheng City,Anhui Province,and provide reference for the local prevention of thyroid diseases. Methods A simple random sampling method was used to select subjects who met the inclusion criteria.The questionnaire surveys,thyroid ultrasound examinations,and laboratory tests for thyroid function and antibodies were conducted.The thyroid function abnormalities were statistically analyzed. Results A total of 595 adults were included.The detection rate of thyroid dysfunction was 22.2% (132/595),with 3.9% (23/595) in males and 18.3% (109/595) in females,the difference was statistically significant (χ²=39.002,P<0.001).The detection rates of subclinical hypothyroidism,positive thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb),and positive thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) in adult males were 4.5%(11/244),4.1% (10/244) and 0%,respectively.In adult females,the corresponding detection rates were 9.7% (34/351),12.0% (42/351) and 8.0% (28/351),respectively.The differences were all statistically significant (χ²=5.521,P=0.026;χ²=11.171,P<0.001;χ²=20.426,P<0.001).A total of 335 pregnant women were included.The detection rates of thyroid dysfunction in the first,second and third trimester were 27.4% (26/95),14.4% (22/153) and 9.2% (8/87),respectively,with a combined rate of 16.7% (56/335).The detection rates of subclinical hyperthyroidism in each trimester were 6.3% (6/95),0% and 0%,respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=15.434,P<0.001).The detection rates of subclinical hypothyroidism in each trimester were 9.5% (9/95),4.6% (7/153) and 0%,respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=8.987,P=0.006). Conclusion The detection rate of thyroid dysfunction is higher in adult females than in males in two iodine-deficient areas of Anhui Province.The subclinical thyroid dysfunction is more likely to occur in the early and middle stages of pregnancy.Thyroid function screening and intervention during pregnancy should be strengthened.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Shangrao City,Jiangxi Province,and to establish a BP neural network model to predict the incidence trend of HFRS,providing a basis for scientific prevention and control. Methods The clinical data of HFRS patients in Shangrao City from 2005 to 2022 were collected,the time distribution,population distribution and regional distribution of HFRS were described,and the incidence rate was calculated.Chi-square test was used to compare the rates.MATLAB 2018a was used to construct the BP neural network model and establish the prediction model for HFRS monthly incidence. Results The average annual incidence rate of HFRS in Shangrao City from 2005 to 2022 was 1.95 per 100 000,with fatality rate of 0.22%.There was statistically significant difference in incidence rate among different years (χ²=221.782,P<0.001).The peak periods for HFRS occurrence were from April to June and from November to January of the following year,with the cumulative reported cases accounting for 30.18% (698/2 313) and 38.74% (896/2 313) of the total reported cases,respectively.The incidence rate of males was 2.63 per 100 000,which was higher than 1.22 per 100 000 of females,the difference was statistically significant (χ²=299.270,P<0.001).Among all reported cases,the age distribution was mainly between 50 and 69 years old,accounting for 42.63%,and the occupational distribution was primarily farmers,accounting for 68.61%.The top 5 counties (districts) with the highest incidence rates were Hengfeng County (5.41 per 100 000),Qianshan County (5.07 per 100 000),Yushan County (3.98 per 100 000),Guangxin District (3.46 per 100 000),and Yiyang County (2.68 per 100 000).The BP neural network model was established to predict the incidence rate for the next month based on the incidence rates of the previous 12 months,with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 25.76%. Conclusion The occurrence of HFRS in Shangrao City is characterized by seasonal epidemics,high incidence in people over 50 years old,and clustering in certain areas.The established BP neural network model can predict the incidence of HFRS in Shangrao City.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and emergency response of a cluster of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in May 2024 in Hubei Province,and to provide a basis for formulating SFTS emergency response as well as prevention and control strategies. Methods Epidemiologic investigations and laboratory tests were conducted in cases and close contacts of this epidemic.Case finding was implemented in surroundings of the cases' residences and medical institutions.Tick vector monitoring in the surrounding environment of cases and serological monitoring of healthy populations were also conducted. Results This epidemic consisted of one initial case and two subsequent cases,with one death in each of the initial and subsequent cases.Epidemiological investigation and analysis indicated that the first case had a high possibility of infection caused by tick bites.Of the subsequent cases,one case had a higher probability of infection due to direct contact with the first case's blood,and the other case had a high possibility of infection due to handling the first case's funeral.However,the possibility of tick bite infection during fieldwork couldn’t be ruled out.No other related cases were found in the case search.A total of 66 free ticks and 2 parasitic ticks were collected from the surrounding environment of the patients' residence,all of which were identified as long horned tick,and no Bandavirus dabieense was detected.Babesia and Rickettsia were detected in the free ticks.The serological monitoring results of healthy populations showed that the positive rate of IgM antibody in the village where the case was located was 3.38%,and the positive rate of IgG antibody was 3.95%.The positive rate of IgM antibody in adjacent villages was 1.01%,and the positive rate of IgG antibody was 2.02%.There were no statistically significant differences in the positive rates of IgM and IgG antibodies between the two villages. Conclusion This epidemic is a family cluster of SFTS with a high mortality rate.It is necessary to strengthen the collaborative work of medical and health institutions in the area to improve the prevention,control,diagnosis and treatment capabilities.At the same time,targeted publicity and education should be carried out for exposed populations to effectively control the spread of SFTS and reduce the mortality rate.