Since the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was reported in China in 1985, the epidemic of AIDS has undergone a complex evolution from an imported period, a diffusion period, to a generalized epidemic phase predominantly driven by sexual transmission. This article systematically reviews epidemic evolution, stage-specific characteristics, major achievements of prevention and control strategies, and current challenges of the AIDS in China. Through in-depth analysis of the national policies evolution, improvements of surveillance and detection system, expansion of treatment and care services, deepening of public health education, and coordinated prevention and control of multiple diseases, the important experience of AIDS prevention and control in China is summarized. In light of challenges such as difficulties in prevention and control of key populations, delayed detection, uneven prevention and control capabilities, and so on, the direction for future prevention and control work is discussed. It emphasizes the need to advance targeted interventions, strengthen system integration, and promote co-governance involving all sectors of society, thereby offering insights for achieving the goal of ending the AIDS epidemic.

Myopia among children and adolescents in China is exhibiting a worrisome trend of high prevalence, early onset, and increasing severity, becoming a significant public health issue affecting their physical and mental health. Its etiology involves both genetic predisposition and environmental factors, among which increased time spent outdoors has been identified as a crucial and modifiable protective factor. This article reviews the impact of outdoor activities on the onset and progression of myopia, and its potential underlying mechanisms. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for formulating effective myopia prevention and control strategies.

Objective To establish a surveillance and early warning indicator system for key infectious diseases in Anhui Province, and standardize the construction and application of surveillance and early warning system. Methods A preliminary framework of the indicator system was developed through literature review and focus group discussions. Eighteen experts from within and outside Anhui Province were invited to conduct a Delphi expert consultation to score indicators at all levels. The final indicator system was determined based on screening criteria and expert suggestions, and the weights of each indicator were calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process. Results The positive coefficients of two rounds of expert consultations were both 100%, and the authority coefficients were both ≥0.91. The Kendall’s coordination coefficients of each index ranged from 0.249 to 0.377 (all P<0.05). The final monitoring and early warning indicator system consisted of 3 first-level indicators, 9 second-level indicators, and 43 third-level indicators. The indicators with the highest weights at the first, second, and third levels were “surveillance and early warning indicators for outbreak/epidemic risk factors”“disease surveillance and public health emergency reports” and “pathogen carrier rates and population density changes of vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and rodents”, respectively. Conclusion The surveillance and early warning indicator system for key infectious diseases constructed in this study has certain scientificity and rationality. In the future, through field application verification, the indicator system will be continuously improved to provide theoretical references for the early detection and warning of key infectious diseases in Anhui Province.

The health industry standard Determination of Fluoride in Urine-Fully Automatic Potentiometric Method (WS/T 10034-2025 )(hereinafter referred to as this standard) was issued by the National Disease Control and Prevention Administration on October 31, 2025, and will be implemented on March 1, 2026. This standard specifies a fully automated potentiometric method for determining inorganic fluoride in urine, which is applicable to the measurement of inorganic fluoride content in human urine samples. To facilitate accurate understanding and effective implementation of this standard, this article provides an interpretation focusing on the development background, key technical content, and quality control aspects. It elaborates in detail on the technical indicators during the standard validation process, including method optimization, precision, accuracy, interference resistance tests, and sample stability, as well as key considerations for application of the standard method. Thus to offer clear technical guidance for urine fluoride testing personnel, researchers, and related professionals, and to promote standardized application of the standard.

Objective To understand the current status of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccination among target children in Fujian Province, and to provide evidence for improving vaccination coverage and formulating prevention strategies against EV-A71 infection. Methods The stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select children born between 2012 and 2023 from nine prefecture-level cities and Pingtan Comprehensive Pilot Zone in Fujian Province as study subjects. Data were collected through the Fujian Provincial Immunization Planning Information System, and descriptive epidemiological methods were applied to analyze EV-A71 vaccination rates. Results A total of 4 161 children were surveyed. The first-dose vaccination rate for EV-A71 vaccine was 47.92% (1 994/4 161), and the full-course vaccination rate was 44.32% (1 844/4 161). Significant differences in full-course vaccination rates were observed by age and region: among different age groups, the highest rate was observed in the 24-35-month group (72.15%)(χ²=748.216, P<0.001); regionally, Quanzhou had the highest rate (59.25%), while Zhangzhou had the lowest rate (34.43%) (χ²=122.664, P<0.001). From 2017 to 2023, the actual vaccination rate increased from 10.65% to 27.85% (χ²_trend=58.602, P<0.001). The timely vaccination rate (6-11 months of age) was 30.39% (606/1 994), and 90.92% of children received their first dose before three years old. Among those who completed the full course, 73.70% (1 359/1 844) had appropriate interval between doses (28-59 days) as recommended by the guidelines. Conclusion The EV-A71 vaccination rate among children in Fujian Province remains relatively low, but shows an upward trend, with disparities across different age groups and regions. It is recommended to include EV-A71 vaccine verification in school entry health examinations or integrate it into child healthcare service packages to enhance coverage among key populations.

Objective To assess the risk of various public health emergencies in Anhui Province in 2026, and propose risk management recommendations. Methods The Delphi method was used to identify risk assessment topics. Based on data of public health emergencies and infectious disease surveillance in Anhui Province from 2021 to 2025, expert consultation method was employed to evaluate risks, and identified priority levels, key focus regions and venues of each topic across different months. Results A total of 23 risk topics are required attention in Anhui Province in 2026, including 19 infectious diseases topics (82.61%) and 4 other topics (17.39%). In the first quarter of 2026, the key focuses should be on influenza, pertussis, norovirus gastroenteritis, and non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning. In the second quarter, key focuses are coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), tuberculosis, hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). In the third quarter, key focuses are COVID-19, cholera, chikungunya fever, dengue fever, acute schistosomiasis infection, foodborne disease outbreaks, and heatstroke. In the fourth quarter, key focuses are influenza, varicella (chickenpox), and human infection with novel influenza subtype. Cholera, SFTS, brucellosis, epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF), imported malaria, and acute schistosomiasis show obvious regional characteristics in terms of priority areas. Kindergartens and schools are the priority settings with the highest number of associated risk topics (10 topics), followed by households (8 topics). Risk management recommendations mainly include six aspects: deepening inter-departmental collaboration, strengthening surveillance and early warning, conducting standardized epidemic response, enhancing medical treatment and case management, promoting vaccination programs, and sustaining health education. Conclusions In 2026, the public health risks of emergencies requiring attention in Anhui Province are predominantly infectious diseases, with differences in key months, regions, and venues for various risk topics. Health emergency preparedness measures should be implemented before the peak epidemic periods. Efforts should be made to explore and establish a multi-disease prevention mechanism to ensure the effective implementation of all prevention and control measures.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella in Nan’an of Fujian Province from 2015 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for developing prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze varicella case reports from 2015 to 2023 in Nan’an extracted from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Results A total of 9 989 varicella cases were reported in Nan’an from 2015 to 2023, with an average annual incidence rate of 67.96/100 000, showed an overall upward trend (χ {}_{trend}^2=3 102.630, P<0.001). In terms of temporal distribution,varicella incidence showed a bimodal distribution, with the peaks occurring from May to July and from October to January of the following year, accounting for 20.25% (2 023/9 989) and 58.97% (5 891/9 989) of reported cases, respectively. The highest number of cases was reported in December, accounting for 22.34% (2 231/9 989). In terms of geographical distribution, Luncang Town, Liucheng Street, and Honglai Town were the top three in number of reported cases, accounting for 17.42% (1 740/9 989), 13.08% (1 307/9 989), and 12.69% (1 268/9 989), respectively. In terms of population distribution, the reported cases were mainly concentrated in children aged 0 to 14 years, accounting for 79.90% (7 981/9 989), among which the highest incidence rate was observed in the 5 to 9 years old group (316.39/100 000). From 2014 to 2022, the vaccination rate of the first dose of varicella vaccine in the birth cohort of Nan’an fluctuated between 40.56% and 71.65%, and the vaccination rate of the second dose was between 6.71% and 11.47%. Conclusion The reported incidence rate of varicella in Nan’an is on the rise, showing a bimodal distribution. The affected population is mainly children under 15 years old, and the occupation is mainly students. The vaccination rate, especially for the second dose, is low.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Liupanshui of Guizhou Province from 2019 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of brucellosis. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis cases in Liupanshui from 2019 to 2023. Results From 2019 to 2023,the incidence rates of human brucellosis in Liupanshui were 0.27/100 000, 0.20/100 000, 0.46/100 000, 0.89/100 000 and 0.86/100 000, respectively, showed an upward trend (χ {}_{trend}^2=18.983, P<0.001), and a total of 81 cases of human brucellosis were reported. The reported cases were mainly male, accounting for 69.14% (56/81), and the age of onset was mainly 40-<65 years old, accounting for 65.43% (53/81). The occupation was mainly farmers, accounting for 64.20% (52/81), and the regional distribution was mainly in Panzhou, accounting for 69.14% (56/81). The clinical symptoms of brucellosis cases were mainly fever, muscle and joint pain, and fatigue, accounting for 81.48% (66/81), 76.54% (62/81), and 60.49% (49/81), respectively. The time interval from the onset to diagnosis was 10 (4, 20) days. There was no statistically significant difference in the time interval from the onset to diagnosis among different years (H=4.060, P=0.398). The infection of the cases might mainly originate from sheep, and 79.01% (64/81) of them had a history of contact with sheep. Conclusion The incidence of human brucellosis in Liupanshui is on the rise, with the age of onset is mainly 40-<65 years old. The affected population is mainly male and mainly sheep farmers who have contact with sheep. A relatively large number of cases have been reported in Panzhou.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan from 2019 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention of such outbreaks. Methods Surveillance data on foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan from 2019 to 2023 were collected and subjected to descriptive epidemiological analysis. Results A total of 60 foodborne disease outbreak events were reported in Huainan from 2019 to 2023, 312 individuals exposed, with 200 cases of illness, the incidence rate was 64.10%, and 2 cases died. The second and third quarters were the peak seasons for foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan, accounting for 88.33% (53/60) of the total reported events, and 91.00% (182/200) of the total reported cases. Households were the main sites of these outbreaks, contributing to 56.67% (34/60) of the total reported events. The events with identified pathogenic factors accounted for 53.33% (32/60) of the total reported incidents, with the primary causative agents being toadstool, representing 26.67% (16/60) of the total reported incidents. Conclusion Foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan are primarily reported during the second and third quarters, occur mainly in household settings, the identified pathogenic factors are toadstool.

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is one of the leading causes of death among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, significantly impacting disease progression and clinical outcomes. Studies have shown that AECOPD accelerates the decline in lung function and increases the risk of mortality. This article conducts a systematic review to provide an in-depth analysis of the research progress in the epidemiological characteristics, related risk factors, and prevention and treatment strategies of AECOPD. The results indicate that the frequency of AECOPD is closely associated with factors such as age, gender, and the degree of lung function impairment, while respiratory infections, smoking, air pollution, and comorbidities are its major risk factors. In terms of prevention and treatment, personalized management strategies based on risk stratification, as well as novel treatment models, demonstrate significant application value. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the early prevention and standardized management of AECOPD in clinical practice, and to offer references for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Liupanshui from 2010 to 2024, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of HFMD. Methods The surveillance data of HFMD in Liupanshui from 2010 to 2024 were collected and analyzed. The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic characteristics, and the SARIMA model was established for prediction. Results From 2010 to 2024, a total of 47 884 HFMD cases were reported in Liupanshui, with an average annual incidence rate of 108.74/100 000. There were 847 severe cases, with a severe case rate of 1.77%. There were 27 deaths. HFMD remained prevalent and showed a high incidence trend every other year, with the peak incidence mostly from April to July. The district with the highest number of cases was Zhongshan District (17 625 cases, 36.81%), and the district with the lowest number of cases was Liuzhi Special District (3 620 cases, 7.56%). The high-risk groups were mainly scattered children (37 941 cases, 79.24%), followed by children in kindergartens and nurseries (8 103 cases, 16.92%) and students (1 730 cases, 3.61%). The median age of onset was 2 (1, 3) years, especially with a high incidence in the 0-5 years age group (45 209 cases, 94.41%). The male-to-female ratio was 1.54∶1. From 2010 to 2014, the dominant strains of HFMD in Liupanshui were alternately prevalent. After 2015, other enteroviruses became the main dominant strains. The SARIMA (1, 0, 1)(0, 1, 1)₁₂ model was an applicable model, and it is predicted that the incidence rate of HFMD will be 86.53 per 100 000 in 2025. Conclusions Children aged 5 years and under are the key target for the prevention and control of HFMD in Liupanshui. The SARIMA (1, 0, 1) (0, 1, 1)₁₂ model can effectively predict the incidence trend, and its predictive performance can be enhanced through continuous optimization. It is recommended to strengthen health education for key populations, promote EV-A71 vaccination, and improve the etiological surveillance network to achieve precise prevention and control.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2024, and to provide evidence for formulating precise prevention and control strategies. Methods The data of cases with genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou from 2013 to 2024 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to analyze the temporal, population, and geographical distribution. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of incidence rate, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed by using GeoDa 1. 20. 0 software. Results From 2013 to 2024, a total of 1 970 cases of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection were reported in Xuzhou, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 1.84/100 000. The overall reported incidence showed a significant increasing trend (AAPC=15.91%, 95%CI：6.00-31.96, P=0.003). Most cases were female (65.23%), aged 20-29 years (41.02%), and whose occupations were predominantly homemakers/unemployed individuals (45.18%) and farmers (34.21%). The highest and lowest average annual incidence rates were observed in Yunlong District (3.40/100 000) and Feng County (0.77/100 000), respectively. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated a positive spatial correlation of reported incidence rates in the years 2016 and 2021-2024 (Global Moran’s I >0, all P<0.05), suggested spatial clustering effects. Conclusion The reported incidence rate of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou increased from 2013 to 2024, with evident spatial clustering characteristics.

Objective To analyze the rural drinking water sanitation status in Bengbu from 2019 to 2022, and to provide scientific basis for improving the rural drinking water sanitation status. Methods The monitoring data of rural drinking water in Bengbu from 2019 to 2022 were collected, and the water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the quality of rural drinking water. Results A total of 1 259 rural water samples were tested, the median (P₂₅, P₇₅) of WQI was 0.63 (0.52, 0.76). The excellent water quality rate was 94.36%, showed an upward trend year by year (χ {}_{trend }^2=27.515, P<0.001). The excellent water quality rate during the dry season was higher than that during the wet season (χ²=9.287, P=0.020). The excellent water quality rate of large-scale water supply projects (daily water supply≥1 000 m³) was higher than that of small-scale water supply projects (daily water supply<1 000 m³) (χ²=20.075, P<0.001). The excellent water quality rate of using disinfection equipment as required was higher than that of not using disinfection equipment as required (χ²=29.639, P<0.001). The main influencing indicators of water quality and sanitation status were fluoride, oxygen consumption, and total bacterial count. Conclusion The rural drinking water quality in Bengbu from 2019 to 2022 is good. The water quality is mainly affected by the type of water period, the scale of the water supply project, and whether the disinfection equipment was used as required.

Objective To analyze the results of opportunistic screening for upper gastrointestinal cancer in Huangshan from 2022 to 2024, and to provide evidence for optimizing screening strategies. Methods Based on data from the national project platform, patients from six hospitals in Huangshan were included. Patients underwent painless or conventional endoscopy based on preference, with staining and biopsy performed according to the national protocol. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS 9.4 software, pathological biopsy rate, positive lesion detection rate, and early diagnosis rate were calculated and compared by sex, age, staining status, endoscopy type, and source of screening subjects. Results A total of 65 373 individuals were included. The overall pathological biopsy rate for upper gastrointestinal lesions was 36.79% (esophagus: 2.95%, cardia: 1.51%, stomach: 33.10%). Positive lesions were detected in 1 779 cases, with a detection rate of 2.72%. Among these, 340 cases were early-stage lesions, with an early diagnosis rate of 19.11%. The detection rate of positive lesions increased with age (χ²_trend =40.567, P<0.001), and was higher in males than in females (χ²=398.289, P<0.001). The detection rate of positive lesions was higher in hospitalized patients than in outpatients and physical examination populations (χ²=1 085.719, P<0.001). The detection rate and early diagnosis rate of chemical staining group and electronic+chemical staining group were significantly higher than those in no staining group and electronic staining alone group (χ²=294.726, P<0.001; χ²=137.169, P<0.001). The early diagnosis rate of painless endoscopy group was higher than that of the conventional endoscopy group (χ²=5.363, P=0.021). Conclusion The detection rate for opportunistic screening of upper gastrointestinal cancer in Huangshan is acceptable, but the early diagnosis rate remains relatively low. Standardized training and quality control should be enhanced, along with promoting painless gastroscopy and chemical staining techniques. Targeted health education for high-risk groups, such as males and older adults, is essential to improve early diagnosis and screening effectiveness.

Objective To understand the infection status of Bandavirus dabieense in Dingyuan County in Anhui Province in 2022, and to provide scientific basis for disease prevention and control. Methods Nucleic acid test was carried out on serum samples of suspected Bandavirus dabieense infection cases reported by medical institutions in Dingyuan County by fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR. Meanwhile, demographic data of suspected Bandavirus dabieense infection cases were collected, and SPSSPRO was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 55 suspected cases of Bandavirus dabieense infection were collected, and 26 cases tested positive for Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid, with a positive detection rate of 47.27%. The peak of Bandavirus dabieense infection occurred from May to August, with the number of Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid positive cases accounting for 73.08% (19/26) of the year. In terms of gender distribution, the positive detection rate of males was 40.00% (12/30), and the positive detection rate of females was 56.00% (14/25), with no statistically significant difference (χ²=1.401, P=0.237). In terms of age distribution, the detection rate of Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid positivity was 64.00% (16/25) among those aged 60 years and above, followed by those aged 50-59 years with a positive rate of 39.13% (9/23). The difference in positive rates between different age groups was statistically significant (χ²=6.248, P=0.045). In terms of regional distribution, the positive detection rate of Bandavirus dabieense nucleic acid in Fuxiao Town was 84.62% (11/13), followed by Outang Town and Jiepai Town, both with a positive detection rate of 45.45% (5/11), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=11.852, P=0.047). Among the positive cases detected for the Bandavirus dabieense, 96.15% (25/26) were farmers. Conclusion The Bandavirus dabieense infection in Dingyuan County is mainly among people aged 60 and above, with farmers as the main population. In addition, Bandavirus dabieense infection has obvious seasonal and regional characteristics.

Objective To analyze the screening myopia status and influencing factors among primary and secondary school students in Shijingshan District of Beijing, and to provide basis for improving the prevention and control policies for students myopia. Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select two primary schools, two junior high schools, two regular high schools, and one vocational high school in Shijingshan District. Students from grades 4-6 in primary schools and grades 1-3 in junior high schools, regular high schools, and vocational high schools underwent vision examinations and completed a questionnaire on factors influencing myopia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis (forward stepwise method) was used to identify factors associated with screening myopia. Results A total of 1 959 students completed the survey. The overall rate of screening myopia was 77.23%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that female (OR=1.455, 95%CI: 1.166-1.815), at least one parent with myopia (OR=2.685, 95%CI: 2.149 - 3.354), having break activities indoors (OR=1.417, 95%CI: 1.107-1.815), continuous near-work duration ≥ 0.5 h (OR=1.333, 95%CI: 1.063-1.671), and lack of parental restriction on screen time (OR=1.437, 95%CI: 1.148-1.799) were more likely to have screening myopia. Conclusions The rate of screening myopia among primary and secondary school students is relatively high in Shijingshan District of Beijing in 2024. The influencing factors are associated with gender, genetics, eye use habits, and parental supervision. Collaborative interventions involving schools, families, and relevant departments are recommended to promote students’ eye health.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution of tuberculosis (TB) in Huangshan from 2020 to 2024, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods The data of reported TB cases in Huangshan from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2024, were collected from the Infectious Disease Surveillance System of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics. Global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were performed by using ArcGIS 10.8 software. Spatiotemporal scan analysis was conducted by using SaTScan 9.5 software. Results A total of 2 691 TB cases were registered in Huangshan from 2020 to 2024, with an average annual registered incidence rate of 40.66/100 000. The incidence rate showed a significant decreasing trend （APC=-3.75, 95%CI: -5.04 to -2.59）. The majority of cases were male (71.68%), elderly (aged≥60 years, 52.55%), and farmers (67.19%). Global spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated spatial clustering of the incidence rates in the years 2020, 2023, and 2024 (Moran’s Ⅰ were 0.134, 0.133, and 0.149, respectively, P<0.05). Local spatial autocorrelation analysis identified several towns in Xiuning County, She County, and Huizhou District as "high-high" clustering areas. Spatiotemporal scanning analysis revealed two statistically significant clustering areas: Type Ⅰ clustering areas were concentrated in 14 townships including Guilin Town (from March 1, 2020 to July 31, 2021, RR=1.624, P<0.001); Type Ⅱ clustering areas were concentrated in 7 townships including Qiyunshan Town (from April 1, 2021 to August 31, 2021, RR=2.667, P<0.001). Conclusion The registered incidence rate of TB in Huangshan showed an overall downward trend from 2020 to 2024, but exhibited significant spatiotemporal clustering. Male, elderly people and farmers are high-risk groups. Targeted prevention and control measures should be taken to effectively control the epidemic.

Objective To explore the factors associated with depressive symptoms among junior high school students in Anhui Province using a multi-level analysis based on the health ecology model, in order to provide reference for identifying and intervening in depressive symptoms among this population. Methods From September 2024 to November 2024, a stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select junior high school students in Anhui Province as research subjects for questionnaire surveys. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Independent variables were determined based on five dimensions of the health ecology model: individual traits, behavioral characteristics, interpersonal networks, living and learning conditions, and policy environment. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms among junior high school students. Results A total of 3 299 junior high school students in Anhui Province were included, and the detection rate of depressive symptoms was 17.88%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that within the individual traits dimension, female (OR=2.747, 95%CI: 2.233-3.379), the second year of junior high school (OR=1.308, 95%CI: 1.019-1.680) and the third year of junior high school (OR=1.763, 95%CI: 1.376-2.259), alcohol consumption (OR=2.132, 95%CI: 1.636-2.778) in the behavioral characteristics dimension, experiencing school bullying (OR=4.827, 95%CI: 3.914-5.953) in the interpersonal network dimension, and attending a private school (OR=1.367, 95%CI: 1.056-1.772) in the living and learning conditions dimension, were positively associated with depressive symptoms among junior high school students. At the behavioral characteristics level, engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ≥3 days per week (OR=0.767, 95%CI: 0.616-0.956) and sufficient sleep (OR=0.453, 95%CI: 0.337-0.608) were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. At the interpersonal network level, suburban/rural residence (OR=0.593, 95%CI: 0.473-0.744) and nuclear family structure (OR=0.678, 95%CI: 0.547-0.841), and at the policy environment level, the schools implementing mental health intervention programs (OR=0.376, 95%CI: 0.264-0.536) were negatively associated with depressive symptoms among junior high school students. Conclusions The influencing factors of the detection rate of depressive symptoms among junior high school students in Anhui Province involve multiple levels of the health ecological model. Multi-dimensional interventions integrating individuals, behaviors, environment, and policies are necessary to reduce the incidence of depressive symptoms among junior high school students.

Objective To understand the lighting conditions and teaching and living environments of classrooms in primary and secondary schools in Bozhou, and to provide a theoretical basis for relevant departments to formulate intervention measures. Methods A total of 433 primary and secondary schools (361 primary schools, 64 junior high schoolsand 8 senior high schools) in Bozhou were selected from 2022 to 2023 by stratified random sampling method. Two classrooms were randomly inspected in each school to monitor indicators related to classroom lighting, teaching and living environments. The qualification rates of these indicators were calculated, and chi-square tests were conducted. Results The qualification rates of classroom lighting and illumination indicators in primary and secondary schools of Bozhou from 2022 to 2023, in descending order, were as follows:lighting direction (99.77%, 432/433), anti-glare measures (98.85%, 428/433), installation of artificial lighting (91.22%, 395/433), blackboard local lighting setup (74.83%, 324/433), window-to-floor area ratio (74.13%, 321/433), desk surface illuminance (72.29%, 313/433), desk surface uniformity (72.06%, 312/433), blackboard uniformity (69.28%, 300/433), blackboard illuminance (67.44%, 292/433). There was a statistically significant difference in the qualification rate of blackboard uniformity among primary schools (69.53%), junior high schools (75.00%) and senior high schools (25.00%) (χ²=8.389, P=0.015). The qualification rates of teaching and living environment indicators in primary and secondary schools of Bozhou, in descending order, were as follows: classroom ventilation facilities (99.08%, 429/433), desk and chair provision (90.30%, 391/433), per capita classroom area (72.98%, 316/433), and toilet and handwashing facility setup in teaching buildings (53.12%, 230/433). There were statistically significant differences in the qualification rates of desk and chair provision (primary schools 91.97%, junior high schools 89.06%, senior high schools 25.00%) (χ²=40.203, P=0.001), per capita classroom area (primary schools 75.07%, junior high schools 65.63%, senior high schools 37.50%) (χ²=7.662, P=0.022), and toilet and handwashing facility setup in teaching buildings (primary schools 48.75%, junior high schools 71.00%, senior high schools 100.00%) (χ²=18.864, P=0.001) among different educational stages. Conclusion The overall environmental monitoring results of primary and secondary schools in Bozhou are good. However, the qualification rates for blackboard uniformity, desk and chair provision, and per capita classroom area in senior high schools are relatively low.

Objective To analyze the mortality characteristics and disease burden trends of malignant tumors in Youyang County of Chongqing, and to provide basis for developing prevention and control strategies. Methods Data from 2012 to 2023 were collected through the cause-of-death surveillance system of Youyang County, indicators such as mortality rate, standardized mortality, years of life lost (YLL), YLL rate, average years of life lost (AYLL), and potential years of life lost (PYLL) were calculated. The annual percentage change (APC) was used to analyze the trends of malignant tumor mortality and disease burden. Results From 2012 to 2023, the crude mortality of malignant tumors in Youyang County increased from 88.23/100 000 to 163.99/100 000 (APC=3.77%, t=2.870, P=0.017). Both males (APC=3.67%, t=2.771, P=0.020) and females (APC=3.77%, t=2.888, P=0.016) showed significant increase, but the standardized mortality remained stable (P>0.05). In terms of age distribution, the mortality in the 15-<45 age group was decreased (APC=-6.11%, t=-3.948, P=0.003), and the mortality in the ≥65 age group was the highest (623.57/100 000). The AYLL was 25.07 years, and showed a downward trend (APC=-1.49%, t=-7.502, P<0.001). The YLL rate was 34.61‰, and remained stable (APC=2.22%, t=1.767, P=0.108), and the PYLL ranged from 1.62 to 2.47 years (APC=0.80, t=0.574, P=0.579). Conclusion The mortality of malignant tumors in Youyang County is on the rise, males and the elderly are the key target populations for prevention and control of malignant tumors in Youyang County.

Objective To analyze the monitoring results and trends of occupational hazard factors in key industry workplaces in Lu’an from 2019 to 2023, and to provide basis for the prevention and control of occupational hazards. Methods The monitoring data on occupational hazard factors in key industry workplaces in Lu’an from 2019 to 2023 were collected. The number of enterprises monitored, sampling points, and qualification rates across different years, enterprise sizes, economic types, industries, and districts were statistically analyzed. Results From 2019 to 2023, a total of 760 enterprises were monitored, with 9 746 testing points. The monitored enterprises were predominantly small and micro businesses (87.23%, 663/760), manufacturing industries (88.29%, 671/760), and privately-owned economic entities (95.13%, 723/760). The overall qualification rate was 73.93% (7 205/9 746). The qualification rates for dust, chemical toxicants, and noise detection points were 65.30% (1 833/2 807), 91.84% (1 271/1 384), and 73.83% (4 101/5 555), respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ²=338.671, P<0.001). The mining industry detection points had the lowest detection points qualification rate (54.01%, 640/1 185), and silica dust was the hazard factor of the lowest qualification rate (57.36%, 1 196/2 085). Significant differences in qualification rates detection points were observed across different enterprise scales (χ²=60.429, P<0.001), economic types (χ²=19.082, P=0.001), industries (χ²=284.036, P<0.001), and counties/districts (χ²=360.628, P<0.001). Conclusion Dust and noise are the primary occupational hazard factors in Lu’an. It is recommended to prioritize supervision and control measures targeting the mining industry and its silica dust operation posts.

Objective To analyze the burden and changing trends of unintentional injuries among children and adolescents in China from 1990 to 2020,and to provide a scientific basis for formulating relevant prevention and control strategies. Methods Based on the data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021),indicators such as the number of deaths,disability-adjusted life years (DALYs),years lived with disability (YLDs),and years of life lost (YLLs) were used to analyze the changes in injury burden,as well as the differences among genders,age groups,and risk factors.Joinpoint 5.3.0 software was selected to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) of injury burden by gender,and segmented regression analysis was used to explore the changing trends in mortality from different types of unintentional injuries. Results From 1990 to 2020,the overall burden of unintentional injuries among children and adolescents in China showed a decreasing trend.The mortality rate,DALYs rate,YLDs rate,and YLLs rate decreased by 80.91%,80.27%,40.52%,and 81.40%,respectively.The percentage of deaths increased from 0.15% in 1990 to a peak of 0.23% in 2008,then fluctuated and decreased to 0.20% in 2020,but still remained higher than the level in 1990.The burden of unintentional injuries in females was lower than that in males,and the overall downward trend was more significant.The largest decrease in mortality due to unintentional injuries was observed in the 2-4 years old age group (94.86%).The mortality rates of different types of unintentional injuries all decreased,but the magnitude of decrease varied.During the study period,YLDs caused by environmental and behavioral risk factors decreased from 110 900 person-years to 19 500 person-years,and from 1 700 person-years to 900 person-years,respectively. Conclusion Males and children aged 2-4 years are the high-risk populations for unintentional injuries among children and adolescents,and the YLDs caused by environmental risk factors are significantly higher than those caused by behavioral risk factors.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy (DIP) and its associated factors in Anhui Province. Methods Data on pregnant women who had terminated their pregnancies were collected in 18 critical maternal monitoring hospitals in Anhui Province from 2019 to 2021,based on the National Critical Maternal Hospital Monitoring Information Direct Reporting System.Multivariate logistic regression analysis model was used to analyze factors associated with DIP. Results A total of 173 594 pregnant and postpartum women were included,and 22 610 cases of DIP were detected,with a prevalence rate of 13.02%.From 2019 to 2021,the prevalence rates of DIP were 10.51%,12.20%,and 17.15%,respectively,showed an increasing trend year by year (χ${ }_{trend}^{2}$=1 085.327,P<0.001).The highest prevalence rate of DIP was observed in Central Anhui (15.58%),followed by Southern Anhui (11.06%),and Northern Anhui (8.81%).The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the factors positively associated with DIP in pregnant women were residing in Central Anhui (OR=1.420,95%CI: 1.345-1.500), maternal age (21-34 years old: OR=1.578,95%CI:1.401-1.777; ≥ 35 years old: OR=2.403,95%CI: 2.123-2.721), education level of junior high school or below (OR=1.085,95%CI: 1.042-1.130), number of pregnancies ≥2 (OR=1.193,95%CI: 1.155-1.233), gestational hypertension (OR=1.940,95%CI: 1.854-2.029), pregnancy with liver disease (OR=1.290,95%CI: 1.076-1.546), and pregnancy with kidney disease (OR=1.342,95%CI: 1.035-1.742). The factors negatively associated with DIP in pregnant women were residing in Northern Anhui (OR=0.735,95%CI:0.692-0.780) and pregnancy with anemia (OR=0.903,95%CI:0.876-0.931). Conclusion The prevalence of maternal DIP is relatively high in Anhui Province.Advanced maternal age,low literacy,multiple pregnancies,and comorbidities such as hypertension,liver disease,and kidney disease are risk factors for the occurrence of DIP,which should be recognized as early as possible and intervened actively.

Objective To analyze the seasonal epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Huaiyin District of Huai’an, Jiangsu Province from 2014 to 2023, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating HFMD prevention and control strategies. Methods The concentration degree and circular distribution method were used to analyze the seasonal distribution characteristics of monthly incidence data of HFMD from 2014 to 2023, and the epidemic patterns were explored year by year. Results A total of 7 940 HFMD cases were reported in Huaiyin District from 2014 to 2023, with an average annual incidence rate of 102.31/100 000. The overall incidence showed a significant decreasing trend (AAPC=-10.164%, P<0.001). Most cases were children aged 5 years and below (96.12%), and the incidence rate was higher in males than that in females. Concentration degree analysis showed that the combined M-value was 0.359, indicating a certain degree of seasonality. The circular distribution analysis revealed that the epidemic peak period was from March 14 to August 28, with the average peak day occurred on June 6. Bimodal epidemic patterns were observed in some years. Conclusion The incidence of HFMD in Huaiyin District exhibits clear seasonality, predominantly peaking in spring and summer. It is recommended to strengthen surveillance in key settings and health education for key populations prior to the epidemic season.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of rubella in Hefei from 2014 to 2023, and to provide a theoretical basis for its prevention and control. Methods The reported cases of rubella in Hefei from 2014 to 2023 were collected from the Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and the incidence characteristics of rubella in Hefei were descriptively analyzed by Excel 2007 software. Results From 2014 to 2023, a total of 424 rubella cases were reported in Hefei, with an average annual reporting rate of 0.53/100 000. In 2015 and 2019, there were two peaks of reported cases of rubella, with incidence rates of 1.25/100 000 and 2.72/100 000, respectively, and no deaths were observed. However, after the second peak, the incidence rate rapidly decreased to a low level in 2020 (0.10/100 000) and tended to stabilize. Cases were reported in all counties (cities and districts), the average annual incidence rates of Shushan District (0.99/100 000) and Feixi County (2.00/100 000) were higher than the city’s average level, and the reported incidence rate of Chaohu (0.06/100 000) was the lowest. The onset time was mainly from March to June (55.42%, 235/424), and the peak incidence was from April to May (36.79%, 156/424) of all cases. The reported incidence rates of rubella in males and females were 0.63/100 000 and 0.39/100 000, respectively. The age of onset was mainly 15-29 years old, accounting for 75.47% (320/424) of all cases. Workers (182 cases,42.92%) were the main patients, followed by students (80 cases, 18.87%). Among the reported rubella cases, 3.30%, 5.66%, 5.90% and 85.38% cases were immunized with 0 dose, 1 dose, 2 doses, and unknown rubella-containing vaccines. Conclusion Except for 2015 and 2019, the incidence of rubella in Hefei showed a downward trend. However, the age of onset shifted from younger to older age. Measures should be taken to guarantee complete vaccination rates in age-eligible children, provide timely catch-up vaccinations for missed cases, and enhance rubella monitoring systems.

Objective To investigate the current status and associated factors of overweight/obesity and high blood pressure comorbidity among middle school students in Anhui Province, and to provide evidence for formulating targeted prevention and control measures. Methods From September 2024 to December 2024, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 103 291 middle school students from 104 counties (cities, districts) in Anhui Province. Their height, weight, and blood pressure were measured, and a questionnaire survey was conducted. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of comorbidity of overweight/obesity and high blood pressure. Results In 2024, the detection rates of overweight/obesity, high blood pressure, and their comorbidity among middle school students in Anhui Province were 35.02%, 15.22% and 8.44%, respectively. Multivariate analysis results showed that males (OR=1.514, 95%CI: 1.447-1.584) exhibited a higher risk of comorbidity. Healthy dietary patterns (OR=0.824, 95%CI: 0.740-0.917), adequate physical exercise (OR=0.833, 95%CI: 0.768-0.904), and sufficient sleep (OR=0.920, 95%CI: 0.870-0.973) were associated with a lower risk of comorbidity. Conclusions The comorbidity rate of overweight/obesity and high blood pressure among middle school students in Anhui Province is at a high level, and it is mainly associated with gender, diet, exercise, and sleep. It is recommended that schools, families, and relevant departments take comprehensive measures to guide students in developing healthy lifestyle.

Objective To explore the prevalence and influencing factors of depressive symptoms among middle school students in Bengbu, and to provide scientific basis for formulating effective intervention measures. Methods A stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select 7 895 middle school students from 14 junior high schools, 11 regular high schools, and 4 vocational high schools in Bengbu. The Chi-square test was used to compare the detection rates of depressive symptoms among different types of students, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms. Results In 2024, the detection rate of depressive symptoms among middle school students in Bengbu was 17.56%, which was higher in girls than in boys (P<0.05), and higher in counties than in urban areas (P<0.05). The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that general high school students (OR=2.071, 95%CI: 1.807-2.372), vocational high school students (OR=1.569, 95%CI:1.274-1.932), girls (OR=1.683, 95%CI: 1.486-1.907), non-nuclear families (OR=1.292, 95%CI:1.142-1.461), insufficient sleep (OR=1.461, 95%CI:1.242-1.719), history of serious injuries (OR=1.745, 95%CI:1.364-2.232), exposure to campus bullying (OR=4.961, 95%CI: 3.611-6.817), experience of physically abused by parents (OR=2.987, 95%CI:2.517-3.545), smoking (OR=1.318, 95%CI:1.009-1.721), and alcohol consumption (OR=1.707, 95%CI:1.440-2.024) were associated with the occurrence of depressive symptoms among middle school students. Conclusion The depressive symptoms among middle school students in Bengbu City are associated with multiple modifiable factors, including campus bullying, family upbringing, and individual behaviors. Interventions should be strengthened in aspects such as the parenting styles, campus environment and behavioral patterns of middle school students, so as to reduce the incidence of depressive symptoms among middle school students in Bengbu.

Objective To investigate the current status of parental nurturing care ability among parents of infants aged 0-3 years in Ma’anshan City, Anhui Province, and to analyze its influencing factors, so as to provide evidence for formulating family support scientific strategies. Methods From April 2024 to August 2024, a convenience sampling method was used to select 3 346 families of infants aged 0-3 years from six counties/districts in Ma’anshan City for questionnaire surveys. The Parental Caregiving Ability Assessment Scale was applied to evaluate their nurturing care ability, and self-designed questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic data. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to explore influencing factors. Results The abnormal detection rate of the total parenting and caregiving ability score was 16.56%. The abnormal detection rates for each dimension, from highest to lowest, were as follows: nutrition and feeding (32.85%), common disease prevention (25.13%), play and experience (24.15%), safety and security (21.97%), parenting concepts and methods (14.26%), and responsive caregiving (10.88%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preterm birth was associated with an increased risk of abnormal caregiving ability (OR=1.465, 95%CI: 1.001-2.145), while female gender of the child (OR=0.813, 95%CI: 0.674-0.980), maternal education level of college/bachelor’s degree (OR=0.668, 95%CI: 0.536-0.832), and higher monthly household income per capita (¥3 000-<¥6 000: OR=0.468, 95%CI: 0.350-0.626; ≥¥6 000: OR=0.291, 95%CI: 0.216-0.393) were associated with a decreased risk. Conclusion Deficiencies exist in parental nurturing care ability among caregivers in Ma’anshan City, which is influenced by multiple factors. Greater attention should be paid to families with male gender of the child, preterm infants, lower maternal education levels, and lower monthly per capita income. Targeted parenting support should be provided to enhance nurturing skills and promote the all-round development of infants in early stages.

Objective To understand the infection routes,sexual behavior characteristics and infection status of high-risk sexual partners of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Yandu District,Yancheng City,and to explore a suitable traceability work model for this region. Methods A one-on-one questionnaire survey was conducted in newly reported HIV/AIDS cases and their high-risk sexual partners in Yandu District from 2019 to 2023,and HIV antibody testing was performed in high-risk sexual partners.Statistical analysis was conducted by using SPSS 22.0. Results From 2019 to 2023,there were 145 newly reported cases of HIV/AIDS in Yandu District,and traceability survey was completed in 141 cases,including 114 males and 27 females,with male to female ratio of 4.22∶1.All 141 cases of HIV/AIDS were transmitted through sexual contact,male cases mainly transmitted through male to male sexual activity (51.75%,59/114),and female cases mainly transmitted through positive spouse or fixed sexual partners (59.26%,16/27),with statistically significant differences (χ²=56.411,P<0.001).Among 114 male HIV/AIDS cases,the main types of sexual behavior in the first 6 months before HIV antibody confirmation were male to male (51.75%,59/114) and marital or fixed heterosexual behavior (49.12%,56/114),and 86.84% of cases (99/114) had 2 or more sexual partners.Among 27 female HIV/AIDS cases,the main type of sexual behavior in the first 6 months before HIV antibody confirmation was marital or fixed heterosexual behavior (70.83%,17/24),16.67% of cases (4/24) had 2 or more sexual partners.The success rate of tracking high-risk sexual partners in newly reported HIV/AIDS cases was 61.40% (210/342),and the HIV positive rate of high-risk sexual partners was 10.95% (23/210).The success rate of tracking high-risk sexual partners in male HIV/AIDS cases was 59.87% (182/304),and the HIV positive rate of high-risk sexual partners was 10.99% (20/182).Among them,the HIV positive rates of fixed heterosexual partners/spouses,non-marital temporary heterosexual partners,and male homosexual partners were 18.82% (16/85),2.44% (1/41) and 5.36% (3/56),respectively,with statistically significant difference (χ²=10.214,P=0.006).The success rate of tracking high-risk sexual partners in female HIV/AIDS cases was 73.68% (28/38),and the HIV positive rate of high-risk sexual partners was 10.71% (3/28). Conclusion The newly reported male HIV/AIDS cases with fixed heterosexual partners/spouses have a relatively high HIV positive detection.In traceability survey,continued attention should be paid to the notification and testing of fixed heterosexual partners/spouses of male cases,thus to identify more potentially infected individuals.At the same time,the tracing work mode should be actively optimized to strengthen the tracking of same-sex partners and non-marital temporary heterosexual partners of male cases.

Objective To establish a simple, fast, wide linear range, accurate and sensitive method for the determination of urea in swimming pool water. Methods According to Examination Methods for Public Places-Part 2: Chemical Pollutants (GB/T 18204. 2-2014) (hereinafter referred to as the national standard method), the water bath time, types and concentrations of reagents, standard series, etc. were optimized. The urea content in swimming pool water was measured by using spectrophotometer for methodological evaluation. Results The concentration range of improved national standard method (referred to as the improved method) was 0-3.50 mg/L, the correlation coefficient was 0.999 8, the relative standard deviation (RSD, n=6) was 1.17%-4.75%, the recovery rate was 97.61%-103.06%, and the detection limit of the method was 0.082 mg/L. There was no statistically significant difference between the improved method and the national standard method for measuring the urea content in 43 swimming pool water samples (Z=‒0.013, P=0.990). Conclusion Improved method has high precision and accuracy, wide linear range, short heating time, stable color products, and is suitable for quantitative detection of urea in swimming pool water.

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics and trend of infectious diseases among kindergarten children in Anhui Province,and to provide reference for the development of prevention and control strategies for infectious diseases in children. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the surveillance data of infectious diseases among kindergarten children in Anhui Province from 2014 to 2023.Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of incidence rate in different years. Results A total of 372 745 cases of 32 infectious diseases were reported in Anhui Province from 2014 to 2023 among children in childcare institutions,with an average annual incidence rate of 1 876.60/100 000,showed a stable trend (AAPC=12.79%,P=0.064).The top five cumulative reported cases were hand-foot-mouth disease (48.49%),influenza (27.74%),chicken pox (9.78%),other infectious diarrheal diseases (7.32%),and mumps (4.58%).The reported incidence rate of hand-foot-mouth disease decreased slowly (AAPC=-4.04%,P=0.308),mumps showed an upward trend (AAPC=1.67%,P=0.793),but had no statistically significant difference.The reported incidence rate of influenza (AAPC=66.54%,P<0.001) and other infectious diarrheal diseases (AAPC=15.43%,P<0.001) showed an upward trend.The reported incidence rate of chickenpox showed a rising-falling trend,with an upward trend from 2014 to 2019 (APC=32.11%,P<0.001),and a decreasing trend from 2019 to 2023 (APC=-12.89%,P=0.008).The incidence of infectious diseases in kindergarten children showed a bimodal type,the peak incidence of infectious diseases was from April to June and from October to January of the following year.The proportion of intestinal infectious diseases was high in boys (58.46%) and children under 3 years old (82.91%). Conclusion The incidence of infectious diseases among kindergarten children in Anhui Province is relatively high,and the incidence trend is stable.Intestinal and respiratory infectious diseases account for the main part,and the seasonal characteristics are obvious,so it is necessary to take targeted prevention and control measures according to the epidemic characteristics and the actual situation,thus to effectively control the occurrence and epidemics of common infectious diseases in nursery children.

Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of avian influenza viruses in external environments of poultry-related settings in Fuyang from 2019 to 2023, and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of avian influenza in Fuyang. Methods Samples from the external environment of urban and rural live poultry markets, large-scale poultry (including waterfowl) farms, and rural free-range households in Fuyang were collected from 2019 to 2023. Real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR was used for nucleic acid detection of the avian influenza virus, and the positive rate was calculated and chi-square test was conducted. Results A total of 1 164 samples of the external environment of avian influenza were collected in Fuyang from 2019 to 2023, 594 samples were positive for type A influenza virus nucleic acid, with a positive rate of 51.03%. Among these, the H9 subtype accounted for the highest proportion (96.13%, 571/594). The positive rates of external environment monitoring for avian influenza in Fuyang from 2019 to 2023 were 49.82% (136/273), 67.06% (57/85), 57.01% (126/221), 53.33% (96/180), and 44.20% (179/405), respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ²=20.014, P<0.001). The results of external environment monitoring for avian influenza showed that the top three months with the highest positive rates were January (77.14%, 54/70), February (67.78%, 61/90), and May (65.71%, 46/70). The top three counties (cities, districts) with the highest positive rates were Yingzhou District (60.63%, 97/160), Jieshou City (53.38%, 284/532), Yingdong District (48.57%, 34/70), and Yingshang County (48.57%, 17/35). The top three sample types in order of positive rate were poultry drinking water (71.74%, 66/92), swab samples from feather cleaning machines (57.26%, 67/117), and sewage from cleaning poultry (56.50%, 100/177). Conclusion The positive rate of avian influenza virus in the external environment of poultry trading markets in Fuyang is relatively high, posing a risk of human infection with the avian influenza virus. It is recommended to strengthen management measures in poultry trading markets.

Objective To examine the current status of disease prevention and control (CDC) institutions in Anhui Province,to identify key factors that limiting the development of CDC institutions at different levels,and provide scientific strategies for promotion of the reform of the three-tier CDC system.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on 132 CDC institutions in Anhui Province regarding their infrastructure,talent team building,financial support,and scientific research from 2020 to 2022.Additionally,on-site surveys and thematic interviews were carried out in 15 CDC institutions.Results All 132 surveyed CDC institutions were public welfare category I institutions.Among them,46.21% (61/132) had inadequate basic construction area,and 59.85% (79/132) had inadequate laboratory area.The province's CDC institutions collectively had one Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory,368 BSL-2 laboratories,and a total of 18 426 laboratory instruments and equipment,with 93.47% of the equipment valued below CNY 500 000;and 31.81% (42/132) of the CDC institutions provided external technical services.The total number of approved positions in the 132 CDC institutions was 7 987,with 6 107 people actually on duty,among whom professional technical personnel accounted for 80.92%.The proportion of senior title staff in provincial,municipal,and county-level CDC institutions was 31.89% (96/301),20.29% (276/1 360),and 9.33% (306/3 281),respectively.In 2022,the financial subsidy funds of provincial disease control institutions accounted for 81.61% of the total income,with project expenditure accounted for 55.01% of the total expenditure.The average annual salary per capita for on-duty personnel in provincial,municipal,and county-level CDC institutions was CNY 157 700,CNY 135 300,and CNY 113 400,respectively.The proportions of performance-based rewards in the total income were 6.72%,8.35% and 7.76%,respectively.From 2020 to 2022,the province's CDC institutions launched 86 scientific research projects and published 532 papers.Conclusion The CDC system in Anhui Province has evident weaknesses in organizational structure,basic construction,remuneration,talent echelon building,and scientific innovation.Grassroots CDC institutions generally suffer from insufficient capacity,rigid mechanisms,and lack of motivation.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Anqing from 2020 to 2024, and to provide scientific basis for precise prevention and control. Methods The case data of HFMD cases were obtained from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the temporal, spatial, and population distributions, as well as the etiological characteristics. GeoDa 1.22.0.4 software was used for spatial autocorrelation analysis, SaTScan 10.1.2 software was used to conduct spatiotemporal scan analysis. Results From 2020 to 2024, a total of 12 750 HFMD cases were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 61.50/100 000. The highest incidence rate (93.98/100 000) was recorded in 2022. The top three areas with the highest average incidence rates were Taihu County (131.28/100 000), Yingjiang District (101.90/100 000), and Yixiu District (98.32/100 000). Except for 2020, the overall peak incidence generally occurred from April to July. Except for 2021, the annual incidence distribution showed a single peak in the other years. Children aged 1-4 years had the highest proportion of cases (76.27%). The proportion of incidence among individuals aged 15 years and above was stable. The trends of the incidence proportions of 0, 1, and 3-year-old groups were opposite to those of the 5 and 6-9-year-old groups. From 2021 to 2024, CVA6 and CVA16 serotypes alternated as the predominant strains, and the proportion of CVA6 reached 87.43% in 2023. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the global Moran’s Ⅰ in each year was significantly positively correlated (Moran’s Ⅰ: 0.179-0.388, P<0.05), and the high-high clustering areas shifted from rural areas (Taihu County and Yuexi County from 2020 to 2022) to the urban areas (Yingjiang District in 2023). Five first-class clustering areas were identified through annual spatiotemporal scanning, and a total of 1 first-class clustering area and 5 second-class clustering areas were identified through overall spatiotemporal scanning. Conclusion HFMD incidence in Anqing from 2020 to 2024 exhibited obvious spatiotemporal clustering. The peak incidence period is from April to July. Scattered children aged 1-4 years are the key population. Taihu County, Yuexi County, Huaining County, as well as the main urban area of Yingjiang District and its surrounding densely populated towns (streets) are the key prevention and control areas. Prevention and control work for key populations and areas should be further strengthened before and during the epidemic period.

Objective To analyze the co-occurrence status and influencing factors of overweight/obesity and dental caries in primary and middle school students in Lu’an, and to provide theoretical basis for formulating scientific prevention and control strategies. Methods The stratified cluster random sampling method was used to monitor 11 637 primary and middle school students in Lu’an, including physical examinations, oral examinations, and questionnaire surveys. The χ² test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to study the relevant influencing factors associated with the co-occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity among students. Results The co-occurrence rate of dental caries and overweight/obesity among primary and middle school students in Lu’an was 14.42%. The rate was higher in urban areas (16.62%) than in counties (11.99%), higher among boys (15.18%) than girls (13.45%), and higher among primary school students (15.06%) and high school students (16.24%) than junior high school students (11.90%). All these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that consuming fried foods ≥1 time in the past week (OR=1.208, 95%CI: 1.066-1.368) and brushing teeth less than twice daily (OR=1.192, 95%CI: 1.068-1.330) were positively correlated with the risk of co-occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity. Conversely, living in the county (OR=0.686, 95%CI: 0.614-0.766), girls (OR=0.883, 95%CI: 0.794-0.981), and consuming fruits ≥1 time daily (OR=0.819, 95%CI: 0.674-0.996) were negatively correlated with the co-occurrence (P<0.05). Conclusions Gender, dietary and lifestyle habits of primary and middle school students in Lu’an are correlated with the co-occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity. It is necessary to strengthen relevant publicity and interventions to promote healthy living and dietary habits, thereby preventing the occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity.

Objective To investigate the epidemic characteristics and spatial distribution patterns of varicella in Gulou District of Nanjing from 2013 to 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing prevention and control strategies and healthcare resource allocation. Methods The data of reported varicella cases in Gulou District of Nanjing were collected. Joinpoint 5.3.0 software was employed to analyze the trend in reported incidence rate of varicella, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to perform global spatial autocorrelation analysis and to identify hotspot areas. Results A total of 7 649 varicella cases were reported during the study period, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 55.99/100 000. The varicella outbreak generally showed an upward trend (AAPC=36.68%, 95%CI: 27.19%-60.93%). Case distribution exhibited seasonality, with a bimodal pattern: the primary peak occurred from October to January of the following year, and a secondary peak was observed in June. The male-to-female ratio was 1.20∶1. Crowds classified as students, kindergarten children and scattered children were more likely to suffer from varicella. The median age of patients from 2013 to 2020 [8(5, 13) years] was significantly lower than that from 2021 to 2024 [15(10, 22) years] (Z=-28.241, P<0.001). Global spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed significant spatial autocorrelation from 2016 to 2020 (P<0.05), indicating positive spatial correlation. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis identified a total of 17 “high-high” clustering areas, primarily concentrated in streets with high population density of the main urban area, which was consistent with the high-incidence regions identified by descriptive analysis. Conclusion The reported incidence rate of varicella in Gulou District of Nanjing from 2013 to 2024 shows an overall upward trend and a significant spatial clustering. These clustering areas are predominantly located in the central urban areas characterized by high population density and high transmission risk. The high-risk age for varicella is shifting older. It is recommended to strengthen varicella surveillance during peak periods and in key areas, and to continuously implement varicella vaccination targeting high-risk populations.

Objective To analyze the mortality characteristics and life loss trends of malignant tumors among residents in Dantu District of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province, and to provide basis for the government to formulate targeted prevention and control measures. Methods Indicators such as mortality, standardized mortality, cause of death ranking, probability of premature death, potential years of life lost (PYLL), and average years of life lost (AYLL) were used to analyze the data of malignant tumor death in Dantu District. Results From 2012 to 2023, the average mortality of malignant tumors among residents in Dantu District was 289.31/100 000, showed an increasing trend (AAPC=1.59%, P=0.004), while the standardized mortality was 124.27/100 000, showed a decreasing trend (AAPC=-2.69%, P<0.001). The mortality exhibited an increasing trend with the increase of age (P<0.001). The top five causes of death from malignant tumors were gastric cancer (24.67%), lung cancer (18.47%), esophageal cancer (16.07%), liver cancer (11.00%), and colorectal cancer (6.63%), accounting for 76.84% of all deaths caused by malignant tumors. The PYLL analysis showed that the PYLL for malignant tumors was 44 389.5 person-years, the PYLLR was 14.27‰. The top five PYLL for the entire population were gastric cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, and colorectal cancer. The AYLL for malignant tumors was 9.83 years, leukemia had the highest AYLL, cervical cancer and breast cancer ranked second and third in female AYLL. Conclusion The prevention and control situation of malignant tumors in Dantu District remains severe. Gastrointestinal tumors and lung cancer are the main disease burdens. It is suggested to pay attention to men and the elderly, and strengthen the early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer and cervical cancer, and carry out targeted prevention and control measures.

In recent years,Coxsackie A group 6 (CV-A6) caused hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) has experienced global outbreaks,CV-A6 has become the dominant pathogen of HFMD.CV-A6 infection can cause fever,atypical herpes,and nail loss,and also complicate neurological diseases such as meningitis and encephalitis.In this study,we reviewed the pathogenetic characteristics of CV-A6,the pathogenic mechanism of CV-A6,and the genetic evolutionary relationship to provide valuable basis for the prevention and control of CV-A6 HFMD in the future.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) surveillance cases in Hubei Province from 2019 to 2023,and to provide a basis for SFTS prevention and control. Methods A database of SFTS reported surveillance cases in Hubei Province was established to describe the temporal,spatial and population characteristics of cases.SPSS 22.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 3 098 SFTS surveillance cases were reported in Hubei Province from 2019 to 2023,including 33 fatal cases,with an average annual incidence rate and mortality rate of 1.06/100 000 and 0.11/1 000 000,respectively.The incidence peaked from April to October each year,accounting for 95.71% (2 965/3 098) of the year,showed a rising trend year by year.Except for Qianjiang and Shennongjia,cases were reported in 15 cities and states,and the top 3 cities and states in terms of reported incidence rate were Suizhou,Huanggang and Xiaogan,with an average annual incidence rate of 8.43/100 000,4.92/100 000 and 1.48/100 000,respectively.The age of cases ranged from 1 to 92 years old,with a median of 64(56,71) years,85.60% (2 652/3 098) of cases aged 50-79 years.Females accounted for 54.74% (1 696/3 098),and occupation was dominated by farmers,accounting for 82.41% (2 553/3 098).The age range of fatal cases was 33-75 years,with a median of 65(62,67) years,and 96.97% (32/33) of the cases were aged 50-79 years.Females accounted for 54.55% (18/33),and the occupation was predominantly farmer,accounting for 72.72% (24/33). Conclusion SFTS surveillance case reports in Hubei Province from 2019 to 2023 displays an increasing trend with regional aggregation and scope expansion,and it is recommended to implement targeted prevention and control for high-risk populations during the epidemic season.

Objective To analyze the association between mother-child conflict and psychological and behavioral problems in preschool children,and to provide a basis for promoting the healthy physical and mental development of children. Methods The questionnaire survey was conducted among 3 821 preschool children and their mothers in 12 kindergartens in Mengcheng County,Anhui Province by means of stratified cluster sampling.The Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales and the Conners Behavior Scales were used to investigate mother-child conflicts and preschool children's psychological and behavioral problems,respectively.Binary logistic regression analysis was adopted to analyze the association between mother-child conflicts and children's psychological and behavioral problems. Results The detection rate of psychological and behavioral problems among 3 821 preschool children in Mengcheng County was 16.0%.The results of logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for confounding factors,non-violent discipline (OR=1.136,95%CI:1.093-1.181),psychological aggression (OR=1.246,95%CI:1.204-1.291),and physical aggression (OR=1.156,95%CI:1.132-1.181) in mother-child conflicts were all significantly and positively associated with psychological behavior problems in preschool children (P<0.05).For each 1-point increase in the scores of non-violent discipline,psychological aggression,and physical aggression,the risk of psychological and behavioral problems in preschoolers increased by 13.60%,24.60% and 15.60%,respectively.Further gender-stratified analysis showed that mother-child conflicts may increase the risk of psychological and behavioral problems in both boys and girls (P<0.05).For each 1-point increase in the scores of non-violent discipline,psychological aggression,and physical aggression,the risk of psychological and behavioral problems in boys increased by 13.20%,28.80%,and 16.30%,respectively,while the risk of psychological and behavioral problems in girls increased by 13.60%,20.00%,and 15.40%,respectively. Conclusion The mental health of preschool children in Mengcheng County still requires continuous attention.It is essential to regularly monitor children's psychological and behavioral status,assess risk factors in mother-child interactions,and actively develop family-based interventions to improve the pattern of mother-child interactions,thereby promoting children's mental health and development.