Since the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was reported in China in 1985, the epidemic of AIDS has undergone a complex evolution from an imported period, a diffusion period, to a generalized epidemic phase predominantly driven by sexual transmission. This article systematically reviews epidemic evolution, stage-specific characteristics, major achievements of prevention and control strategies, and current challenges of the AIDS in China. Through in-depth analysis of the national policies evolution, improvements of surveillance and detection system, expansion of treatment and care services, deepening of public health education, and coordinated prevention and control of multiple diseases, the important experience of AIDS prevention and control in China is summarized. In light of challenges such as difficulties in prevention and control of key populations, delayed detection, uneven prevention and control capabilities, and so on, the direction for future prevention and control work is discussed. It emphasizes the need to advance targeted interventions, strengthen system integration, and promote co-governance involving all sectors of society, thereby offering insights for achieving the goal of ending the AIDS epidemic.

The health industry standard Determination of Fluoride in Urine-Fully Automatic Potentiometric Method (WS/T 10034-2025 )(hereinafter referred to as this standard) was issued by the National Disease Control and Prevention Administration on October 31, 2025, and will be implemented on March 1, 2026. This standard specifies a fully automated potentiometric method for determining inorganic fluoride in urine, which is applicable to the measurement of inorganic fluoride content in human urine samples. To facilitate accurate understanding and effective implementation of this standard, this article provides an interpretation focusing on the development background, key technical content, and quality control aspects. It elaborates in detail on the technical indicators during the standard validation process, including method optimization, precision, accuracy, interference resistance tests, and sample stability, as well as key considerations for application of the standard method. Thus to offer clear technical guidance for urine fluoride testing personnel, researchers, and related professionals, and to promote standardized application of the standard.

Although the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence and mortality, treatment interruptions and reduced adherence may undermine treatment effect and even exacerbate the spread of drug resistance. Once resistance emerges, in the absence of effective alternative drugs, the drug-resistant strains may become dominant, thereby severely limiting subsequent treatment options and increasing the risk of therapeutic failure. Despite the significant achievements made in ART in China, pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) among HIV-infected individuals is a growing concern. This article reviews the spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of PDR among HIV-infected individuals in China, focusing on trends in the reverse transcriptase and protease regions, summarizes the current status of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) resistance, and discusses related influencing factors. The findings aim to provide a reference for improving national HIV drug resistance surveillance system and optimizing prevention and control strategies.

Myopia among children and adolescents in China is exhibiting a worrisome trend of high prevalence, early onset, and increasing severity, becoming a significant public health issue affecting their physical and mental health. Its etiology involves both genetic predisposition and environmental factors, among which increased time spent outdoors has been identified as a crucial and modifiable protective factor. This article reviews the impact of outdoor activities on the onset and progression of myopia, and its potential underlying mechanisms. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for formulating effective myopia prevention and control strategies.

Objective To analyze the results of tuberculosis screening and the characteristics of detected cases in freshmen entrance physical examination in Anhui Province from 2022 to 2024, and to provide theoretical basis for optimizing screening strategies. Methods Data of tuberculosis screening for freshmen in Anhui Province from 2022 to 2024 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the temporal, population, and regional distributions of relevant indicators, as well as differences in screening methods. Results A total of 9 203 416 freshmen were screened in Anhui Province from 2022 to 2024, and the screening rate was 98.57%. A total of 283 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were detected, with a detection rate of 3.07/100 000. The abnormal screening rate increased year by year (0.51%, 0.60%, 0.79%, respectively). The highest abnormal tuberculosis screening rate was observed in northern Anhui (0.86%), and the highest detection rate was found in freshmen in junior colleges/universities and above (8.35/100 000). Among different screening methods, the tuberculosis detection rate was the highest (1.96%) among individuals with abnormal chest X-ray screening results. The detected cases were mainly in the 13-18 years old (69.26%), 42.76% of cases were pathogen-positive, and 2.83% of cases were rifampicin-resistant. Conclusion The screening rate of tuberculosis for freshmen in Anhui Province from 2022 to 2024 is relatively high, but the abnormal screening rate shows an increasing trend year by year, and there are population and regional differences in screening results. Chest X-ray screening has a prominent case detection efficiency. Detected cases are mainly freshmen in middle school and junior college/university and above, and some cases exist drug resistance. It is necessary to optimize screening strategies for key populations and regions, and to strengthen pathogenic detection and drug resistance monitoring.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and vector surveillance results of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in surveillance areas of Anhui Province in 2024, and to provide scientific reference for the prevention and treatment of SFTS. Methods The data of SFTS cases in 2024 from three national surveillance sites in Anhui Province (Chaohu City, Jinzhai County, and Hanshan County) were collected from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The epidemiological characteristics were analyzed by using descriptive epidemiological methods. Free-living ticks and parasitic ticks were monitored by using the cloth flag method and host tick detection method, respectively. Serum samples from healthy individuals at the monitoring sites were collected to detect IgG/IgM antibodies against the Bandavirus dabieense. Serum samples from domestic and wild animals were collected, and viral nucleic acid was detected by RT-PCR, and some samples were additionally tested for antibodies by using ELISA. Results In 2024, a total of 223 SFTS cases and 3 deaths were reported at three surveillance sites, with a mortality rate of 1.35%. The oneset time showed a bimodal distribution, with the main peak from April to July and the secondary peak from September to October. Among the cases, there were 94 males and 129 females, The age was mainly over 60 years old (79.37%, 177/223), and the occupation was mainly farmers (80.27%, 179/223). A total of 308 free-living ticks were captured, all of which were Haemaphysalis longicornis (longhorned ticks), with a density of 18.7 ticks/(hour·flag). A total of 194 animals were examined, and 1 041 parasitic ticks were captured. The proportion of Haemaphysalis longicornis was 99.04%, with a parasitic tick density of 5.37 ticks/host and a density index of 10.01 ticks/host. The tick infection rate was 53.61%. Among 1 000 serum samples from healthy individuals, the positive rates of IgG and IgM were 4.60% and 3.90%, respectively. The positive rate of antibodies detected by ELISA was 5.80% (4/69). The PT-PCR and ELISA tests for the wild animal specimens were both negative. Conclusion In 2024, the incidence of SFTS in the surveillance areas of Anhui Province showed a bimodal seasonal pattern, with elderly farmers being the main affected population. The density of free-living ticks and parasitic ticks in the environment is relatively high, with Haemaphysalis longicornis being the dominant tick species. There is a certain proportion of latent infections in healthy populations and domestic animals, and comprehensive prevention and control measures need to be further strengthened.

Objective To establish a surveillance and early warning indicator system for key infectious diseases in Anhui Province, and standardize the construction and application of surveillance and early warning system. Methods A preliminary framework of the indicator system was developed through literature review and focus group discussions. Eighteen experts from within and outside Anhui Province were invited to conduct a Delphi expert consultation to score indicators at all levels. The final indicator system was determined based on screening criteria and expert suggestions, and the weights of each indicator were calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process. Results The positive coefficients of two rounds of expert consultations were both 100%, and the authority coefficients were both ≥0.91. The Kendall’s coordination coefficients of each index ranged from 0.249 to 0.377 (all P<0.05). The final monitoring and early warning indicator system consisted of 3 first-level indicators, 9 second-level indicators, and 43 third-level indicators. The indicators with the highest weights at the first, second, and third levels were “surveillance and early warning indicators for outbreak/epidemic risk factors”“disease surveillance and public health emergency reports” and “pathogen carrier rates and population density changes of vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and rodents”, respectively. Conclusion The surveillance and early warning indicator system for key infectious diseases constructed in this study has certain scientificity and rationality. In the future, through field application verification, the indicator system will be continuously improved to provide theoretical references for the early detection and warning of key infectious diseases in Anhui Province.

Objective To understand the awareness rate of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention knowledge, behavioral characteristics, and the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among female sex workers (FSW) in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2024, and to provide reference for the local prevention and control of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among FSW. Methods A consecutive cross-sectional study was conducted to collect demographic information, awareness of AIDS prevention knowledge, and high-risk behaviors among FSW in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2024. Blood samples were also collected for HIV, syphilis, and HCV antibody testing. The relevant data of the detected objects were statistically analyzed using R 4.5.3 and Joinpoint 5.3.0 software. Results A total of 102 015 FSW were investigated from 2010 to 2024. The overall awareness rate of AIDS prevention knowledge was 88.21%, and the consistent condom use rate during commercial sex in the past month was 63.75%. The positivity rates of HIV, syphilis, and HCV antibodies were 0.06%, 2.15%, and 0.29%, respectively. A decreasing trend was observed for both syphilis (AAPC=-7.43%, 95%CI:-11.02% - -3.70%, t=-4.224，P=0.001) and HCV (AAPC=-5.62%, 95%CI:-9.06% - -2.05%, t=-3.363, P=0.005) antibody positive rates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that aged 30-<50 years, education level of primary school or below, non-local household registration, working in low-tier venues, inconsistent condom use, and lack of HIV prevention knowledge were factors associated with HIV/syphilis infection. Aged ≥50 years, divorced or widowed, non-local household registration, and working in low-tier venues were factors associated with HCV infection. Conclusion From 2010 to 2024, the infection rates of HIV and HCV among FSW in Anhui Province remained at relatively low levels, and the syphilis antibody positive rate showed a declining trend. However, it is still necessary to strengthen health education and behavioral interventions to improve awareness of prevention and testing among this population.

Objective To assess the risk of various public health emergencies in Anhui Province in 2026, and propose risk management recommendations. Methods The Delphi method was used to identify risk assessment topics. Based on data of public health emergencies and infectious disease surveillance in Anhui Province from 2021 to 2025, expert consultation method was employed to evaluate risks, and identified priority levels, key focus regions and venues of each topic across different months. Results A total of 23 risk topics are required attention in Anhui Province in 2026, including 19 infectious diseases topics (82.61%) and 4 other topics (17.39%). In the first quarter of 2026, the key focuses should be on influenza, pertussis, norovirus gastroenteritis, and non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning. In the second quarter, key focuses are coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), tuberculosis, hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). In the third quarter, key focuses are COVID-19, cholera, chikungunya fever, dengue fever, acute schistosomiasis infection, foodborne disease outbreaks, and heatstroke. In the fourth quarter, key focuses are influenza, varicella (chickenpox), and human infection with novel influenza subtype. Cholera, SFTS, brucellosis, epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF), imported malaria, and acute schistosomiasis show obvious regional characteristics in terms of priority areas. Kindergartens and schools are the priority settings with the highest number of associated risk topics (10 topics), followed by households (8 topics). Risk management recommendations mainly include six aspects: deepening inter-departmental collaboration, strengthening surveillance and early warning, conducting standardized epidemic response, enhancing medical treatment and case management, promoting vaccination programs, and sustaining health education. Conclusions In 2026, the public health risks of emergencies requiring attention in Anhui Province are predominantly infectious diseases, with differences in key months, regions, and venues for various risk topics. Health emergency preparedness measures should be implemented before the peak epidemic periods. Efforts should be made to explore and establish a multi-disease prevention mechanism to ensure the effective implementation of all prevention and control measures.

Objective To understand the microbial contamination of foods in Chizhou city,and provide scientific basis for food borne diseases prevention and control. Methods The food samples were collected and detected according to the GB standard. Results A total of 215 food samples were tested, and 29 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected with positive rate of 13.49%. The positive rate of diarrheagenic escherichia coli was 19.57%, staphylococcus aureus was 6.11%, listeria monocytogenes was 4.32%, Salmonella was 1.40% and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was 0. The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in takeaway delivery was 45.45％, in student meal was 20.83％, in uncooked pork account and chichen was 16.67％, and in prepared meat products was 6.67%. Food borne bacteria were not detected in cooked and prefabricated animal aquatic products, nuts and seeds of mud, and condiment. The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in packaged and unpacked foods were 0 and 19.46% respectively, and the difference was significantly(χ²=14.85, P＜0.01). Conclusion It was contaminated by food borne pathogens in foodstuff, which were consumed by Chizhou inhabitants.Takeout and student meal as the ready-to-eat food are at higher risks for causing food borne diseases.

Injury is a major public health problem posing a severe threat to the health of Chinese residents. In recent years, China has continuously improved its policy system for injury prevention and control, gradually refined its surveillance network, intensified interventions targeting key populations and key settings, and initially established a multi-departmental collaboration mechanism. Nevertheless, prominent challenges remain in terms of disease burden, institutional capacity, inter-departmental coordination, surveillance and scientific research, and health equity. To systematically advance the integrated prevention and control of injuries, 15 departments including the National Disease Control and Prevention Administration jointly issued the Action Plan for Injury Prevention and Control (2026-2030). From the perspective of preventive medicine and in light of the requirements set forth in the latest national action plan, this paper systematically reviews the progress made in China's injury prevention and control work, analyzes its core challenges, and puts forward strategic considerations. The paper aims to provide a reference for improving the integrated prevention and control of injuries and supporting the construction of a Healthy China.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and emergency response of a cluster of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in May 2024 in Hubei Province,and to provide a basis for formulating SFTS emergency response as well as prevention and control strategies. Methods Epidemiologic investigations and laboratory tests were conducted in cases and close contacts of this epidemic.Case finding was implemented in surroundings of the cases' residences and medical institutions.Tick vector monitoring in the surrounding environment of cases and serological monitoring of healthy populations were also conducted. Results This epidemic consisted of one initial case and two subsequent cases,with one death in each of the initial and subsequent cases.Epidemiological investigation and analysis indicated that the first case had a high possibility of infection caused by tick bites.Of the subsequent cases,one case had a higher probability of infection due to direct contact with the first case's blood,and the other case had a high possibility of infection due to handling the first case's funeral.However,the possibility of tick bite infection during fieldwork couldn’t be ruled out.No other related cases were found in the case search.A total of 66 free ticks and 2 parasitic ticks were collected from the surrounding environment of the patients' residence,all of which were identified as long horned tick,and no Bandavirus dabieense was detected.Babesia and Rickettsia were detected in the free ticks.The serological monitoring results of healthy populations showed that the positive rate of IgM antibody in the village where the case was located was 3.38%,and the positive rate of IgG antibody was 3.95%.The positive rate of IgM antibody in adjacent villages was 1.01%,and the positive rate of IgG antibody was 2.02%.There were no statistically significant differences in the positive rates of IgM and IgG antibodies between the two villages. Conclusion This epidemic is a family cluster of SFTS with a high mortality rate.It is necessary to strengthen the collaborative work of medical and health institutions in the area to improve the prevention,control,diagnosis and treatment capabilities.At the same time,targeted publicity and education should be carried out for exposed populations to effectively control the spread of SFTS and reduce the mortality rate.

Objective To compare the efficacy of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC) skin test and tuberculin skin test (TST) in screening tuberculosis contacts in schools with positive preventive intervention indications (EC skin test positive or TST strongly positive), so as to provide reference for optimizing tuberculosis prevention and control measures in schools. Methods Contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in schools of Xinfeng County and Yudu County of Ganzhou from July 2022 to June 2023 were selected as the research subjects. EC skin test and TST were conducted simultaneously by using the simultaneous bilateral arms method. The consistency of the screening results of the two methods and the influencing factors were analyzed. Results A total of 1 503 contacts were included. The EC skin test positive rate was 5.26% (79/1 503), and the TST strongly positive rate was 6.92% (104/1 503), with no statistically significant difference (χ²=3.637, P=0.057). The consistency rate between the two methods was 94.88% (1 426/1 503, Kappa=0.553). There were 77 inconsistent cases (EC⁺ & TST^-: 26 cases; EC^- & TST⁺: 51 cases), the difference was statistically significant (McNemar’s χ²=7.481, P=0.006). Multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that the discordance rate increased with age (aOR=1.063, 95% CI: 1.041-1.086). The risk of discordance was higher for individuals from junior high school (aOR=14.911, 95% CI: 2.978-74.667), vocational secondary/high school (aOR=13.609, 95% CI: 3.130-59.170), and contacts of patients with negative etiological results (aOR=2.212, 95% CI: 1.262-3.879). The incidence rate of local adverse reactions in TST (2.53%) was higher than that in EC skin test (1.46%), and the difference was statistically significant (McNemar’s χ²= 5.921, P=0.015). Conclusion EC skin test and TST exhibit similar overall efficacy in screening school-based tuberculosis contacts, but inter-individual discrepancies exist. The inconsistency is influenced by age, school type, and the etiological results of the index case. It is recommended to prioritize EC skin test for screening contacts who are junior high school students or above, faculty members, and contacts of patients with negative etiological results.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is a major global infectious disease. The development of an effective preventive vaccine is crucial to ending the pandemic. The repeated setbacks of traditional vaccine strategies in clinical trials have highlighted the need for innovative approaches. The mRNA vaccine technology offers significant advantages, including rapid development, high production scalability, strong immunogenicity, and great flexibility in encoding diverse antigens. It enables the efficient delivery of structurally optimized HIV antigens (e.g., stable Env trimers, virus-like particles), and employs novel strategies like germline targeting and sequential immunization to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against highly variable viral strains, along with effective T-cell responses. This article reviews the antigen design strategy, delivery systems, mechanisms of action, and preclinical and clinical progress of HIV mRNA vaccine, and also offers a discussion of the current major challenges and future directions.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease events caused by toxic plants in Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2025, and to provide evidence for scientific prevention and control. Methods The data related to foodborne disease events caused by toxic plants directly reported through the network in Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2025 were collected from the National Public Health Emergency Management Information System and Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne diseases caused by toxic plants. Results A total of 459 foodborne disease events caused by toxic plants were reported in Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2025, with 2 275 cases and 8 deaths. In terms of temporal distribution, the reporting peak occurred between 2017 and 2020, with the highest number of events reported in 2020 (66 events). The second quarter was the high-incidence period, with the highest number occurring in May (72 events). Regarding regional distribution, the top three regions with the highest number of reported events were Mianyang (91 events), Chengdu (59 events) and Liangshan (58 events). The top three pathogenic plants were kidney beans (112 events), Datura stramonium (43 events), and Gynura pseudo (39 events). Fatal cases were primarily caused by aconite (5 deaths). Households and collective canteens were the most common locations of outbreaks. Mis-collection, misuse, mistaken ingestion and improper processing and cooking were the main inducing factors. Conclusion The epidemiological characteristics of toxic plants foodborne diseases mainly manifest as seasonal distribution patterns (with incidence peaking in spring and summer) and regional clustering. The targeted health education, strengthened multi-sector coordinated supervision and enhanced capabilities in surveillance and medical treatment should be carried out to effectively prevent and control foodborne disease events caused by toxic plants in Sichuan Province.

Objective To analyze the contamination status and dynamic characteristics of avian influenza virus (AIV)in environmental specimens from live poultry markets in Fuzhou from 2020 to 2025, and assess the health risks to the population, thus to provide evidence for improving prevention and control strategies. Methods From 2020 to 2025, the environmental specimens were collected from live poultry markets quarterly, and real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect AIV nucleic acid. Positive specimens were further tested for H5, H7, H9, and H10 subtypes, and indicators such as the positive rate were calculated. Results A total of 720 specimens were collected from 2020 to 2025, and 354 specimens were positive for AIV nucleic acid, with a total positive rate of 49.17%. The H9 subtype had the highest positive detection rate (27.64%), while H7 subtype was not detected. The difference of positive rate among different years was statistically significant (χ²=57.216, P<0.001), and the highest positive rate was observed in 2022 (74.17%). Among different poultry specimens, chicken specimens had the highest positive rate (52.17%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=9.341, P=0.009). Conclusion AIV contamination in the external environment of live poultry markets in Fuzhou persisted from 2020 to 2025, with the H9 subtype being the predominant epidemic strain. It is recommended that relevant departments continue to strengthen monitoring, management, and disinfection of poultry-related venues to reduce the risk of human infection.

Objective Analyze the late detection rate of newly reported human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients (referred to as HIV/AIDS cases) in Suzhou from 2021 to 2024, as well as the influencing factors, and to provide ideas for more efficient HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment in the future. Methods Information on newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Suzhou from 2021 to 2024 was collected from the HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Prevention and Treatment Information System. The logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between different characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients and late diagnosis. Results From 2021 to 2024, a total of 3 379 new cases of HIV/AIDS were reported in Suzhou. Among them, 3 295 patients underwent CD4⁺ lymphocyte testing, and 1 049 cases were late diagnosed, with late diagnosis rate of 31.84%（1 049/3 295）. The proportions of late diagnosis in each year were 37.69%（303/804）, 31.24%（259/829）, 30.17%（270/895）, and 28.29%（217/767）, respectively, and showed a decreasing trend year by year. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the age group of ≤ 24 years old, the age groups of 25-49 years old（OR=2.313, 95%CI: 1.723-3.105） and 50 years old and above（OR=3.083, 95%CI: 2.165-4.391） had higher risk of late diagnosis. The risk of late diagnosis was higher in males than in females（OR=1.291, 95%CI: 1.003-1.660）. Heterosexual transmission was associated with a higher risk of late diagnosis compared with homosexual transmission（OR=1.285, 95%CI: 1.070-1.545）. Compared with detection through counseling, cases detected through medical institutions had a higher risk of late diagnosis（all OR >1, all P<0.05）. Compared with commercial service personnel, cases whose occupations were farmers or migrant workers had a lower risk of late diagnosis (OR=0.737, 95%CI: 0.543-0.999). Conclusion From 2021 to 2024, the proportion of late diagnosis among newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Suzhou showed a downward trend, but remained at a relatively high level. In the future, HIV testing strategies should be developed and optimized for specific populations such as individuals aged 50 and above, males, those infected through heterosexual transmission, and those detected through medical institutions, to promote early detection of HIV/AIDS cases.

Objective To analyze the distribution of HIV-1 genetic subtypes and drug resistance characteristics among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients who experienced antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure in Chizhou, and to provide evidence for AIDS prevention and control. Methods The HIV/AIDS patients who received ART for ≥6 months and had HIV-1 viral load ≥1 000 IU/mL in Chizhou from 2019 to 2025 were selected for HIV-1 genotyping and drug resistance testing. Results Among the 56 HIV/AIDS patients with ART failure, seven HIV-1 genetic subtypes were identified. The predominant subtypes were CRF01_AE (42.86%, 24/56) and CRF07_BC (35.71%, 20/56). The overall drug resistance rate was 42.86% (24/56). Resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) was the most common (37.50%, 21/56), followed by resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) (25.00%, 14/56). No resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs) was detected. Among NNRTIs, the highest rate of high-level resistance was observed for efavirenz (32.14%). Among NRTIs, the highest rates of high-level resistance were observed for lamivudine and emtricitabine (both 21.43%). Conclusion From 2019 to 2025, CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC were the predominant HIV-1 subtypes among the HIV/AIDS patients with ART failure in Chizhou, with drug resistance primarily to NNRTIs. Enhanced drug resistance monitoring and timely optimization of treatment regimens are recommended for HIV/AIDS patients with ART failure.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B in Yichun from 2014 to 2024, so as to provide scientific basis for the formulation of hepatitis B prevention and control strategies. Methods The incidence data of hepatitis B in Yichun from 2014 to 2024 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distribution characteristics of hepatitis B. The Joinpoint regression model was employed to calculate the annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) to analyze the incidence trend of hepatitis B. Results A total of 64 745 hepatitis B cases were reported in Yichun City from 2014 to 2024, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 110.44/100 000. The overall reported incidence rates of hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis B showed an upward trend from 2014 to 2024 (AAPC=3.92%, P<0.001; AAPC=3.59%, P=0.022). The reported incidence rate of acute hepatitis B increased rapidly from 2020 to 2024 (APC=43.72%, P=0.003). There are reports of hepatitis B cases every month throughout the year without obvious seasonality. The top three regions with the highest reported incidence rates were Yuanzhou District (179.90/100 000), Shanggao County (156.16/100 000), and Wanzai County (123.40/100 000). The ratio of male to female reported cases was 2.32∶1, and the reported incidence rate was higher in males than in females. The age of the cases was mainly concentrated between 20 and 74 years old (accounting for 94.46%). The age group of 40 to 59 had the highest number of reported cases and the highest incidence rate, while the age group of 0 to 14 had the lowest number of reported cases and the lowest incidence rate. Farmers accounted for the majority of all cases (45 011 cases, accounting for 69.52%). Conclusion From 2014 to 2024, the reported incidence rate of hepatitis B in Yichun City showed an upward trend. It is recommended to further promote adult hepatitis B vaccination on the basis of continuing to consolidate the interruption of mother-to-child transmission and childhood hepatitis B vaccination. Additionally, health education and health promotion should be strengthened in key areas and among key populations to enhance immunization levels and disease prevention awareness.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of influenza in Fuyang District of Hangzhou from 2020 to 2024, and to provide a basis for risk assessment, early warning and targeted prevention and control of influenza outbreaks. Methods Influenza case data in Fuyang District of Hangzhou from 2020 to 2024 were obtained from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distribution characteristics in terms of person, place, and time. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed with ArcGIS 10.8, and spatiotemporal scan statistical analysis was conducted using SaTScan 10.2. Results From 2020 to 2024, a total of 59 222 influenza cases were reported in Fuyang District of Hangzhou, with no severe or fatal cases. The average annual incidence rate was 142.36/10 000. Students and kindergarten children accounted for 58.18% of cases. The epidemic peak mainly occurred from November to March of the following year, with an additional peak in the summer of 2022. The incidence rates of influenza in Fuyang District in 2020, 2022 and 2023 were spatially positively correlated (all Moran’s I>0, all P<0.05), and the high-high aggregation areas were mainly located in the central and western regions. Spatiotemporal scan analysis identified significant spatiotemporal clusters each year, with the primary clusters predominantly distributed in the northern and southwestern areas. Conclusion Influenza incidence in Fuyang District of Hangzhou from 2020 to 2024 showed significant spatiotemporal clustering. It is recommended to implement precise prevention and control strategies in high-incidence towns (streets) before the influenza epidemic season to improve the effectiveness of epidemic control.

Objective To understand the current status of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccination among target children in Fujian Province, and to provide evidence for improving vaccination coverage and formulating prevention strategies against EV-A71 infection. Methods The stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select children born between 2012 and 2023 from nine prefecture-level cities and Pingtan Comprehensive Pilot Zone in Fujian Province as study subjects. Data were collected through the Fujian Provincial Immunization Planning Information System, and descriptive epidemiological methods were applied to analyze EV-A71 vaccination rates. Results A total of 4 161 children were surveyed. The first-dose vaccination rate for EV-A71 vaccine was 47.92% (1 994/4 161), and the full-course vaccination rate was 44.32% (1 844/4 161). Significant differences in full-course vaccination rates were observed by age and region: among different age groups, the highest rate was observed in the 24-35-month group (72.15%)(χ²=748.216, P<0.001); regionally, Quanzhou had the highest rate (59.25%), while Zhangzhou had the lowest rate (34.43%) (χ²=122.664, P<0.001). From 2017 to 2023, the actual vaccination rate increased from 10.65% to 27.85% (χ²_trend=58.602, P<0.001). The timely vaccination rate (6-11 months of age) was 30.39% (606/1 994), and 90.92% of children received their first dose before three years old. Among those who completed the full course, 73.70% (1 359/1 844) had appropriate interval between doses (28-59 days) as recommended by the guidelines. Conclusion The EV-A71 vaccination rate among children in Fujian Province remains relatively low, but shows an upward trend, with disparities across different age groups and regions. It is recommended to include EV-A71 vaccine verification in school entry health examinations or integrate it into child healthcare service packages to enhance coverage among key populations.

This paper reviews the current status, existing issues, and optimization paths of human resource allocation in China’s disease prevention and control (hereinafter referred to as disease control) system. Existing research indicates that the human resource allocation in China’s disease control system has evolved from a mere shortage in quantity to a complex situation where overall supply remains tight, team structure is imbalanced, and regional distribution is uneven. In recent years, although the scale of manpower has rebounded, there is still a shortage of backbone talents and composite talent reserves, and significant regional and intra-regional disparities persist. In the future, it is necessary to further improve talent echelon construction and financial security mechanisms, and promote the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system and differentiated allocation strategy that takes into account quantity equity, spatial accessibility, and service efficiency.

Objective To analyze the co-occurrence status and influencing factors of overweight/obesity and dental caries in primary and middle school students in Lu’an, and to provide theoretical basis for formulating scientific prevention and control strategies. Methods The stratified cluster random sampling method was used to monitor 11 637 primary and middle school students in Lu’an, including physical examinations, oral examinations, and questionnaire surveys. The χ² test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to study the relevant influencing factors associated with the co-occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity among students. Results The co-occurrence rate of dental caries and overweight/obesity among primary and middle school students in Lu’an was 14.42%. The rate was higher in urban areas (16.62%) than in counties (11.99%), higher among boys (15.18%) than girls (13.45%), and higher among primary school students (15.06%) and high school students (16.24%) than junior high school students (11.90%). All these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that consuming fried foods ≥1 time in the past week (OR=1.208, 95%CI: 1.066-1.368) and brushing teeth less than twice daily (OR=1.192, 95%CI: 1.068-1.330) were positively correlated with the risk of co-occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity. Conversely, living in the county (OR=0.686, 95%CI: 0.614-0.766), girls (OR=0.883, 95%CI: 0.794-0.981), and consuming fruits ≥1 time daily (OR=0.819, 95%CI: 0.674-0.996) were negatively correlated with the co-occurrence (P<0.05). Conclusions Gender, dietary and lifestyle habits of primary and middle school students in Lu’an are correlated with the co-occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity. It is necessary to strengthen relevant publicity and interventions to promote healthy living and dietary habits, thereby preventing the occurrence of dental caries and overweight/obesity.

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is one of the leading causes of death among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, significantly impacting disease progression and clinical outcomes. Studies have shown that AECOPD accelerates the decline in lung function and increases the risk of mortality. This article conducts a systematic review to provide an in-depth analysis of the research progress in the epidemiological characteristics, related risk factors, and prevention and treatment strategies of AECOPD. The results indicate that the frequency of AECOPD is closely associated with factors such as age, gender, and the degree of lung function impairment, while respiratory infections, smoking, air pollution, and comorbidities are its major risk factors. In terms of prevention and treatment, personalized management strategies based on risk stratification, as well as novel treatment models, demonstrate significant application value. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the early prevention and standardized management of AECOPD in clinical practice, and to offer references for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella in Nan’an of Fujian Province from 2015 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for developing prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze varicella case reports from 2015 to 2023 in Nan’an extracted from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Results A total of 9 989 varicella cases were reported in Nan’an from 2015 to 2023, with an average annual incidence rate of 67.96/100 000, showed an overall upward trend (χ {}_{trend}^2=3 102.630, P<0.001). In terms of temporal distribution,varicella incidence showed a bimodal distribution, with the peaks occurring from May to July and from October to January of the following year, accounting for 20.25% (2 023/9 989) and 58.97% (5 891/9 989) of reported cases, respectively. The highest number of cases was reported in December, accounting for 22.34% (2 231/9 989). In terms of geographical distribution, Luncang Town, Liucheng Street, and Honglai Town were the top three in number of reported cases, accounting for 17.42% (1 740/9 989), 13.08% (1 307/9 989), and 12.69% (1 268/9 989), respectively. In terms of population distribution, the reported cases were mainly concentrated in children aged 0 to 14 years, accounting for 79.90% (7 981/9 989), among which the highest incidence rate was observed in the 5 to 9 years old group (316.39/100 000). From 2014 to 2022, the vaccination rate of the first dose of varicella vaccine in the birth cohort of Nan’an fluctuated between 40.56% and 71.65%, and the vaccination rate of the second dose was between 6.71% and 11.47%. Conclusion The reported incidence rate of varicella in Nan’an is on the rise, showing a bimodal distribution. The affected population is mainly children under 15 years old, and the occupation is mainly students. The vaccination rate, especially for the second dose, is low.

Objective To understand the lighting conditions and teaching and living environments of classrooms in primary and secondary schools in Bozhou, and to provide a theoretical basis for relevant departments to formulate intervention measures. Methods A total of 433 primary and secondary schools (361 primary schools, 64 junior high schoolsand 8 senior high schools) in Bozhou were selected from 2022 to 2023 by stratified random sampling method. Two classrooms were randomly inspected in each school to monitor indicators related to classroom lighting, teaching and living environments. The qualification rates of these indicators were calculated, and chi-square tests were conducted. Results The qualification rates of classroom lighting and illumination indicators in primary and secondary schools of Bozhou from 2022 to 2023, in descending order, were as follows:lighting direction (99.77%, 432/433), anti-glare measures (98.85%, 428/433), installation of artificial lighting (91.22%, 395/433), blackboard local lighting setup (74.83%, 324/433), window-to-floor area ratio (74.13%, 321/433), desk surface illuminance (72.29%, 313/433), desk surface uniformity (72.06%, 312/433), blackboard uniformity (69.28%, 300/433), blackboard illuminance (67.44%, 292/433). There was a statistically significant difference in the qualification rate of blackboard uniformity among primary schools (69.53%), junior high schools (75.00%) and senior high schools (25.00%) (χ²=8.389, P=0.015). The qualification rates of teaching and living environment indicators in primary and secondary schools of Bozhou, in descending order, were as follows: classroom ventilation facilities (99.08%, 429/433), desk and chair provision (90.30%, 391/433), per capita classroom area (72.98%, 316/433), and toilet and handwashing facility setup in teaching buildings (53.12%, 230/433). There were statistically significant differences in the qualification rates of desk and chair provision (primary schools 91.97%, junior high schools 89.06%, senior high schools 25.00%) (χ²=40.203, P=0.001), per capita classroom area (primary schools 75.07%, junior high schools 65.63%, senior high schools 37.50%) (χ²=7.662, P=0.022), and toilet and handwashing facility setup in teaching buildings (primary schools 48.75%, junior high schools 71.00%, senior high schools 100.00%) (χ²=18.864, P=0.001) among different educational stages. Conclusion The overall environmental monitoring results of primary and secondary schools in Bozhou are good. However, the qualification rates for blackboard uniformity, desk and chair provision, and per capita classroom area in senior high schools are relatively low.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2024, and to provide evidence for formulating precise prevention and control strategies. Methods The data of cases with genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou from 2013 to 2024 were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to analyze the temporal, population, and geographical distribution. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of incidence rate, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed by using GeoDa 1. 20. 0 software. Results From 2013 to 2024, a total of 1 970 cases of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection were reported in Xuzhou, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 1.84/100 000. The overall reported incidence showed a significant increasing trend (AAPC=15.91%, 95%CI：6.00-31.96, P=0.003). Most cases were female (65.23%), aged 20-29 years (41.02%), and whose occupations were predominantly homemakers/unemployed individuals (45.18%) and farmers (34.21%). The highest and lowest average annual incidence rates were observed in Yunlong District (3.40/100 000) and Feng County (0.77/100 000), respectively. Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated a positive spatial correlation of reported incidence rates in the years 2016 and 2021-2024 (Global Moran’s I >0, all P<0.05), suggested spatial clustering effects. Conclusion The reported incidence rate of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Xuzhou increased from 2013 to 2024, with evident spatial clustering characteristics.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Liupanshui from 2010 to 2024, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of HFMD. Methods The surveillance data of HFMD in Liupanshui from 2010 to 2024 were collected and analyzed. The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic characteristics, and the SARIMA model was established for prediction. Results From 2010 to 2024, a total of 47 884 HFMD cases were reported in Liupanshui, with an average annual incidence rate of 108.74/100 000. There were 847 severe cases, with a severe case rate of 1.77%. There were 27 deaths. HFMD remained prevalent and showed a high incidence trend every other year, with the peak incidence mostly from April to July. The district with the highest number of cases was Zhongshan District (17 625 cases, 36.81%), and the district with the lowest number of cases was Liuzhi Special District (3 620 cases, 7.56%). The high-risk groups were mainly scattered children (37 941 cases, 79.24%), followed by children in kindergartens and nurseries (8 103 cases, 16.92%) and students (1 730 cases, 3.61%). The median age of onset was 2 (1, 3) years, especially with a high incidence in the 0-5 years age group (45 209 cases, 94.41%). The male-to-female ratio was 1.54∶1. From 2010 to 2014, the dominant strains of HFMD in Liupanshui were alternately prevalent. After 2015, other enteroviruses became the main dominant strains. The SARIMA (1, 0, 1)(0, 1, 1)₁₂ model was an applicable model, and it is predicted that the incidence rate of HFMD will be 86.53 per 100 000 in 2025. Conclusions Children aged 5 years and under are the key target for the prevention and control of HFMD in Liupanshui. The SARIMA (1, 0, 1) (0, 1, 1)₁₂ model can effectively predict the incidence trend, and its predictive performance can be enhanced through continuous optimization. It is recommended to strengthen health education for key populations, promote EV-A71 vaccination, and improve the etiological surveillance network to achieve precise prevention and control.

Objective To explore the lag effect of main meteorological factors on the risk of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Nanchang city, in order to reveal the driving mechanisms of meteorological conditions on disease transmission, and to provide theoretical support for local precise prevention and early warning. Methods We collected daily HFMD incidence data and concurrent daily meteorological data from 2009 to 2019 in Nanchang City from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System and the China Meteorological Data Service Center, and applied a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to analyze the lagged and cumulative effects of temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration, wind speed, and diurnal temperature range on the risk of HFMD. Results From 2009 to 2019, a total of 47 768 HFMD cases were reported in Nanchang, with an average annual incidence rate of 93.9/100 000. Nonlinear relationships were observed between all meteorological factors and HFMD incidence risk. Compared with their median values, the highest incidence risk of HFMD occurred when the daily average temperature was 30 °C, sunshine duration was 3.5 h, and wind speed was 3.7 m/s (RR=2.031, 95%CI: 1.772-2.283; RR=1.168, 95%CI: 1.024-1.237; RR=1.684, 95%CI: 1.237-2.351). A relative humidity of 40% was a protective factor (RR=0.383, 95%CI: 0.249-0.589), while a diurnal temperature range of 15 °C was a protective factor （RR=0.253, 95%CI: 0.166-0.433）. The maximum cumulative RR values for extreme high temperature and extreme low temperature were 1.743 （95%CI: 1.426-2.099） and 1.455 （95%CI: 1.211-1.651）, respectively. The cumulative effects of most meteorological factors increased with prolonged lag time. Conclusion Temperature, sunshine duration, wind speed, relative humidity, and diurnal temperature range are all important meteorological factors influencing the transmission of HFMD in Nanchang. Their effects are nonlinear and exhibit significant lag characteristics. Warm, humid and windy environments can increase the risk of the disease, while longer periods of sunlight and larger difference in temperature between day and night show protective effects.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) in Hefei from 2012 to 2023 and predict the number of AHC cases, thus to provide scientific reference for the formulation of prevention and control measures. Methods The reported cases of AHC in Hefei from 2012 to 2023 were collected from the Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the population, regional, and temporal distribution of AHC in Hefei. The Prophet model and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model were constructed to predict the incidence trend of AHC. Modeling and analysis were performed by using Jupyter Notebook software. The model accuracy was evaluated by using root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Results From 2012 to 2023, a total of 2 837 AHC cases were reported in Hefei, with no deaths. The average annual incidence rate was 2.88/100 000. The overall incidence trend decreased first， then increased and finally stabilized. The median age of onset was 39 (23, 59) years. The cases were mainly male (1 570 cases, 55.34%). Farmers (1 419 cases, 50.02%) constituted the primary affected occupations. The top three county-level divisions with the highest annual incidence rates were Feixi County (1 545 cases, 15.69/100 000), Changfeng County (338 cases, 4.10/100 000) and Chaohu (300 cases, 3.19/100 000). AHC cases occurred throughout the year in Hefei, but demonstrated a distinct seasonal peak between May and September. Among the SARIMA models, the optimal model selected was SARIMA(1, 0, 1)(0, 0, 1)₁₂. All error values of the Prophet model (RMSE=10.42, MAPE=44.78%, MAE=7.68) were lower than those of the SARIMA(1, 0, 1)(0, 0, 1)₁₂ model (RMSE=17.68, MAPE=56.41%, MAE=15.04), indicating better prediction effect. Conclusion From 2012 to 2023, the incidence of AHC in Hefei has shown a "decline-rise-stabilization" trend. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control efforts for key populations such as males, farmers and students, especially in summer and autumn and high-incidence counties and districts, targeted monitoring and health education should be carried out. Compared with the SARIMA(1, 0, 1)(0, 0, 1)₁₂ model, the Prophet model performs better in predicting the number of AHC cases in Hefei, and can be used as a short-term prediction model.

Objective To analyze the results of opportunistic screening for upper gastrointestinal cancer in Huangshan from 2022 to 2024, and to provide evidence for optimizing screening strategies. Methods Based on data from the national project platform, patients from six hospitals in Huangshan were included. Patients underwent painless or conventional endoscopy based on preference, with staining and biopsy performed according to the national protocol. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS 9.4 software, pathological biopsy rate, positive lesion detection rate, and early diagnosis rate were calculated and compared by sex, age, staining status, endoscopy type, and source of screening subjects. Results A total of 65 373 individuals were included. The overall pathological biopsy rate for upper gastrointestinal lesions was 36.79% (esophagus: 2.95%, cardia: 1.51%, stomach: 33.10%). Positive lesions were detected in 1 779 cases, with a detection rate of 2.72%. Among these, 340 cases were early-stage lesions, with an early diagnosis rate of 19.11%. The detection rate of positive lesions increased with age (χ²_trend =40.567, P<0.001), and was higher in males than in females (χ²=398.289, P<0.001). The detection rate of positive lesions was higher in hospitalized patients than in outpatients and physical examination populations (χ²=1 085.719, P<0.001). The detection rate and early diagnosis rate of chemical staining group and electronic+chemical staining group were significantly higher than those in no staining group and electronic staining alone group (χ²=294.726, P<0.001; χ²=137.169, P<0.001). The early diagnosis rate of painless endoscopy group was higher than that of the conventional endoscopy group (χ²=5.363, P=0.021). Conclusion The detection rate for opportunistic screening of upper gastrointestinal cancer in Huangshan is acceptable, but the early diagnosis rate remains relatively low. Standardized training and quality control should be enhanced, along with promoting painless gastroscopy and chemical staining techniques. Targeted health education for high-risk groups, such as males and older adults, is essential to improve early diagnosis and screening effectiveness.

Objective To investigate and analyze an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis that occurred in a company in 2025, identify the causative pathogen, explore its transmission characteristics and risk factors, and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks. Methods A combination of on-site epidemiological investigation and a case-control study was used to analyze risk factors. Case samples, environmental samples, and retained food samples were collected for culture of common pathogenic bacteria and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) detection of norovirus. Positive samples were sequenced and classified for homology analysis. Results A total of 374 individuals were investigated in the outbreak, among which 147 were cases, with an incidence rate of 39.30%. The main clinical manifestations were diarrhea (87.07%, 128/147). The distribution of cases showed spatial clustering.The attack rate of the department where the first case was found (55.26%) was significantly higher than that of other departments (χ²=20.295, P=0.028). The case-control study showed that the dinner on the evening of February 11th had no statistical association with the disease onset, and foodborne transmission was excluded.Molecular tracing revealed that the norovirus detected in the anal swabs from eight cases was of the same GⅡ.17[P17] type as that detected on the water faucet of the drinking dispenser, with a high homology of 99.45% to 100.00% in nucleotide sequence. Conclusion This epidemic was caused by norovirus GⅡ.17[P17] and was an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis mainly transmitted through person-to-person contact. It is recommended that collective units establish a symptom monitoring mechanism, strengthen disinfection of high-touch surfaces and improve employee health monitoring systems.

Objective To investigate the current status and associated factors of overweight/obesity and high blood pressure comorbidity among middle school students in Anhui Province, and to provide evidence for formulating targeted prevention and control measures. Methods From September 2024 to December 2024, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 103 291 middle school students from 104 counties (cities, districts) in Anhui Province. Their height, weight, and blood pressure were measured, and a questionnaire survey was conducted. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of comorbidity of overweight/obesity and high blood pressure. Results In 2024, the detection rates of overweight/obesity, high blood pressure, and their comorbidity among middle school students in Anhui Province were 35.02%, 15.22% and 8.44%, respectively. Multivariate analysis results showed that males (OR=1.514, 95%CI: 1.447-1.584) exhibited a higher risk of comorbidity. Healthy dietary patterns (OR=0.824, 95%CI: 0.740-0.917), adequate physical exercise (OR=0.833, 95%CI: 0.768-0.904), and sufficient sleep (OR=0.920, 95%CI: 0.870-0.973) were associated with a lower risk of comorbidity. Conclusions The comorbidity rate of overweight/obesity and high blood pressure among middle school students in Anhui Province is at a high level, and it is mainly associated with gender, diet, exercise, and sleep. It is recommended that schools, families, and relevant departments take comprehensive measures to guide students in developing healthy lifestyle.

Objective To evaluate the environmental health status of rural soil about the contamination of ascaris eggs from 2015 to 2017,and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases in Guiyang city. Methods Three surveillance sites in Guiyang city were selected by stratified random sampling method. A total of 180 samples of farmland soil were collected from 2015 to 2017 to monitor the number of ascaris eggs and ascaris live eggs.Differences of contamination of rural soil samples in the three surveillance sites were compared by Chi-square test. Results The detection rate of ascaris eggs was 36.7%, 30.0%, 28.3% in the three sites respectively. The detection rate of ascaris live eggs was 33.3%, 30.0% and 25.0% in the three sites respectively. The detection rates showed downtrend in the three years. But no significant differences were observed. Conclusion The dectection rates of soil ascaris eggs and ascaris live eggs were higher in Guiyang city.Environmental renovation and fecal harmlessness in rural areas of Guiyang city should be intensified.

Objective To understand the current situation of the knowledge level of the six types of health problems in Hefei residents, and explore the ways and methods to improve the literacy level of the residents in Hefei, so as to provide the basis for making and evaluating the health literacy policy and intervention measures of Hefei residents. Methods A stratified random cluster sampling method was used to investigate the health literacy questionnaire among 1350 residents aged 15-69 years in the streets and towns of 5 counties in Hefei. Results Among the 1350 people surveyed, the health literacy level of the residents was 11.4%. The basic level of having basic knowledge, healthy lifestyle and behavior were 34.1%, 29.6% and 16.4%. The level of 6 health literacy from high to low was 58.6% of scientific view of health, 42.9% of safety and emergency, 35.9% of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, 26.5% of health information, 22.6% of prevention and control of chronic diseases, 11.5% of basic medical. There was a significant difference in health literacy between urban and rural residents (P<0.01). There was a significant difference between the residents with high education level and low education level (P<0.01). There was a significant difference in the level of health literacy among older citizens and those with higher age(P<0.05). Conclusion The health literacy levels of Hefei residents was not high. We should strengthen the basic medical treatment, chronic disease prevention, and health information literacy to improve the awareness of basic medical care, prevention and treatment of chronic diseases and health information literacy among the residents of the whole city.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in Anhui Province,and to explore the risk classification methods of county (city,district) and township,so as to provide scientific basis for the formulation of prevention and control strategies and measures in different risk areas. Methods The incidence data of SFTS were collected by the Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention,and the time and regional characteristics of SFTS cases were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology.Based on the annual average incidence of SFTS in Anhui Province from 2021 to 2023,the risk level of SFTS in counties (cities,districts) and townships was proposed. Results From 2021 to 2023,2 800 SFTS cases were reported in Anhui Province,distributed in 596 townships,74 counties (cities and districts),14 cities.the average annual incidence rate was 1.52/100 000,with 66 reported deaths and a fatality rate of 2.36%.In the epidemic areas,the first type areas were distributed across 15 counties (cities,districts),the second type areas across 11 counties (cities,districts),and the third type areas across 48 counties (cities,districts);non-epidemic areas were distributed across 30 counties (cities,districts). The first type of township was distributed in 47 townships across 16 counties (cities,districts);the second type of township was distributed in 549 townships across 73 counties (cities,districts). Among the first,second,and third types of areas,the highest number of reported cases were in Mingguang City (237 cases),Changfeng County (56 cases),and Huaining County (29 cases),respectively;the township with the highest number of reported cases among the first type of townships was Huanfeng Town in Hanshan County (42 cases).. Conclusion The reported incidence of SFTS in Anhui Province displays an upward trend,and the spread scope of the disease is gradually expanding.Identification of regions with different risk levels is helpful to classify and guide the prevention and control work of SFTS.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan from 2019 to 2023, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention of such outbreaks. Methods Surveillance data on foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan from 2019 to 2023 were collected and subjected to descriptive epidemiological analysis. Results A total of 60 foodborne disease outbreak events were reported in Huainan from 2019 to 2023, 312 individuals exposed, with 200 cases of illness, the incidence rate was 64.10%, and 2 cases died. The second and third quarters were the peak seasons for foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan, accounting for 88.33% (53/60) of the total reported events, and 91.00% (182/200) of the total reported cases. Households were the main sites of these outbreaks, contributing to 56.67% (34/60) of the total reported events. The events with identified pathogenic factors accounted for 53.33% (32/60) of the total reported incidents, with the primary causative agents being toadstool, representing 26.67% (16/60) of the total reported incidents. Conclusion Foodborne disease outbreaks in Huainan are primarily reported during the second and third quarters, occur mainly in household settings, the identified pathogenic factors are toadstool.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Anqing from 2020 to 2024, and to provide scientific basis for precise prevention and control. Methods The case data of HFMD cases were obtained from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the temporal, spatial, and population distributions, as well as the etiological characteristics. GeoDa 1.22.0.4 software was used for spatial autocorrelation analysis, SaTScan 10.1.2 software was used to conduct spatiotemporal scan analysis. Results From 2020 to 2024, a total of 12 750 HFMD cases were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 61.50/100 000. The highest incidence rate (93.98/100 000) was recorded in 2022. The top three areas with the highest average incidence rates were Taihu County (131.28/100 000), Yingjiang District (101.90/100 000), and Yixiu District (98.32/100 000). Except for 2020, the overall peak incidence generally occurred from April to July. Except for 2021, the annual incidence distribution showed a single peak in the other years. Children aged 1-4 years had the highest proportion of cases (76.27%). The proportion of incidence among individuals aged 15 years and above was stable. The trends of the incidence proportions of 0, 1, and 3-year-old groups were opposite to those of the 5 and 6-9-year-old groups. From 2021 to 2024, CVA6 and CVA16 serotypes alternated as the predominant strains, and the proportion of CVA6 reached 87.43% in 2023. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the global Moran’s Ⅰ in each year was significantly positively correlated (Moran’s Ⅰ: 0.179-0.388, P<0.05), and the high-high clustering areas shifted from rural areas (Taihu County and Yuexi County from 2020 to 2022) to the urban areas (Yingjiang District in 2023). Five first-class clustering areas were identified through annual spatiotemporal scanning, and a total of 1 first-class clustering area and 5 second-class clustering areas were identified through overall spatiotemporal scanning. Conclusion HFMD incidence in Anqing from 2020 to 2024 exhibited obvious spatiotemporal clustering. The peak incidence period is from April to July. Scattered children aged 1-4 years are the key population. Taihu County, Yuexi County, Huaining County, as well as the main urban area of Yingjiang District and its surrounding densely populated towns (streets) are the key prevention and control areas. Prevention and control work for key populations and areas should be further strengthened before and during the epidemic period.