Objective To understand the cognition,behavior and attitude of residents in Henan Province about tumor prevention and treatment. Methods By using the method of convenient sampling,2 306 people from urban and rural areas in 17 cities of Henan Province were surveyed by questionnaire survey from June to December 2020.The survey content included residents' knowledge of tumor prevention and treatment and their behavior and attitude. Results The residents' awareness rate of tumor was 91.07%,the average cognitive score of common risk factors and early symptoms of tumor was 11.70±4.09,and the knowledge of tumor prevention and treatment was imbalanced.Residents had insufficient awareness of physical examination.In the absence of regular physical examination organized by organizations,the proportions who can perform physical examinations once every six months or a year were 8.11% and 31.57%,respectively.77.23% of the residents expressed that they were willing to know the knowledge of tumor prevention and treatment.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that household registration type (OR=0.657,95%CI:0.521~0.829),knowledge of tumor/cancer (OR=0.337,95%CI:0.252~0.452),thought that tumor could be prevented (OR=3.739,95%CI:2.915~4.796),and whether there are relatives and friends with tumor/cancer (OR=0.738,95%CI:0.611~0.892) were the main factors affecting the attitudes of Henan residents toward cancer prevention and treatment. Conclusion Residents in Henan Province have an unbalanced awareness of tumor prevention and treatment knowledge.Targeted popularization of tumor prevention and treatment knowledge should be strengthened to improve residents' awareness.