Objective To understand the prevalence of common diseases and nutritional status among primary and secondary school students in Pukou District,evaluate school health care work,and provide data support for effective formulation of prevention and control measures. Methods The students' physical examination data recorded in the "Jiangsu Student Health Monitoring System" for the 2020—2021 academic year in Pukou District were collected.Then,the visual acuity,teeth,blood pressure and weight of the students were analyzed. Results In the 2020—2021 academic year,the detection rate of poor vision of primary and secondary school students in Pukou District increased gradually with the improvement of learning stage,with 91.33% in senior high school (χ²=2445.958,P＜0.001).The high blood pressure detection rate was the most common in senior high school (χ²=32.557,P＜0.001).The detection rates of caries,malnutrition and obesity were the highest in primary school (χ²=1639.601,P＜0.001;χ²=13.782,P=0.001;χ²=139.129,P＜0.001).There was no significant difference in the overweight detection rate among different school sections (χ²=2.662,P=0.264).The detection rates of caries,malnutrition,overweight and obesity in male students were higher than those in female students (χ²=16.540,P＜0.001;χ² = 8.183, P=0.004;χ²=122.916,P＜0.001;χ²=384.065,P＜0.001).The detection rates of poor vision and high blood pressure in female students were higher than those in male students (χ²=46.392,P＜0.001;χ²=136.448,P＜0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of common diseases in primary and secondary school students in Pukou District is high.Relevant departments should strengthen the prevention and treatment of common diseases such as poor vision,dental caries,overweight and obesity in primary and secondary school students to ensure the healthy growth of adolescents.