Objective To understand the level of knowledge about birth defect prevention and control and its influencing factors among the childbearing age population in Guangde City. Methods From September to October 2021,100 people were selected using cluster sampling from the population groups of 20 to 40 years old for first marriage checkups,pregnant couples,and parents of children aged 0 to 6 years old,respectively.The survey was carried out using the questionnaire on the core information (20 items) of health education on the prevention and control of birth defects issued by the National Health Commission in 2020.Epi Data 3.1 was used to set up the database and SPSS 17.0 was used to analyze the data.Chi-square univariate analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of the awareness rate of birth defect prevention knowledge.Binomial logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of birth defect knowledge.t-test was used to analyze the difference of scores between men and women. Results The average score of knowledge on prevention and treatment of birth defects among the childbearing age population in Guangde City was 18.64,with a full score rate of 46.25%.Men scored lower than women (t=-0.280,P=0.008).Single factor analysis found that education level,population type,birth order and so on were related to awareness rate (P<0.05). Conclusion In Guangde City,the awareness rate of birth defect prevention knowledge among the childbearing age population were affected by education level,population category and child rank.The knowledge of prevention and cure of birth defect in male is worse than that in female.It is necessary to strengthen the promotion of key populations such as those with low educational levels,childlessness,males,and those undergoing prenatal examinations,to improve the awareness rate of birth defect prevention and control knowledge,and to reduce the incidence of birth defects among the population.