A review on the long-term symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019

NIE Shuang, CHEN Xiuzhi, SONG Dandan, HOU Sai, XIAO Yongkang, CHU Na, LI Ming, CHU Xiujie, WEI Hongyuan, ZHU Biao, MA Wanwan, ZHU Qian, SUN Yuanfang, FENG Yujie, BI Niannian, ZHU Meng, LI Qing

Anhui Journal of Preventive Medicine ›› 2024, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (2) : 117-119.

PDF(787 KB)
PDF(787 KB)
Anhui Journal of Preventive Medicine ›› 2024, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (2) : 117-119. DOI: 10.19837/j.cnki.ahyf.2024.02.007
COVID-24 Prevention and Control Special Report

A review on the long-term symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019

  • NIE Shuang, CHEN Xiuzhi, SONG Dandan, HOU Sai, XIAO Yongkang, CHU Na, LI Ming, CHU Xiujie, WEI Hongyuan, ZHU Biao, MA Wanwan, ZHU Qian, SUN Yuanfang, FENG Yujie, BI Niannian, ZHU Meng, LI Qing
Author information +
History +

Abstract

The long-term symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) refer to the symptoms that appear after 3 months of SARS-CoV-2 infection,last for at least 2 months and cannot be explained by other diagnoses.It mainly involves respiratory,cardiovascular,neurological,blood,urinary,sports and other systems,including dyspnea,fatigue,anxiety,joint pain,cardiovascular related diseases and kidney tissue damage.This article reviews the long-term symptoms of COVID-19 in order to improve people′s understanding and reduce the pain and financial burden of patients.

Key words

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 / Long-term symptoms / Clinical symptoms / Complication

Cite this article

Download Citations
NIE Shuang, CHEN Xiuzhi, SONG Dandan, HOU Sai, XIAO Yongkang, CHU Na, LI Ming, CHU Xiujie, WEI Hongyuan, ZHU Biao, MA Wanwan, ZHU Qian, SUN Yuanfang, FENG Yujie, BI Niannian, ZHU Meng, LI Qing. A review on the long-term symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019[J]. Anhui Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2024, 30(2): 117-119 https://doi.org/10.19837/j.cnki.ahyf.2024.02.007

References

[1] George PM,Wells AU,Jenkins RG.Pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19:the potential role for antifibrotic therapy[J].Lancet Respir Med,2020,8(8):807-815.
[2] Carfì A,Bernabei R,Landi F,et al.Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19[J].JAMA,2020,324(6):603-605.
[3] Huang C,Huang L,Wang Y,et al.6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital:a cohort study[J].Lancet,2021,397(10270):220-232.
[4] Soriano JB,Murthy S,Marshall JC,et al.A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2022,22(4):e102-e107.
[5] Cares-Marambio K,Montenegro-Jiménez Y,Torres-Castro R,et al.Prevalence of potential respiratory symptoms in survivors of hospital admission after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19):a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Chron Respir Dis,2021,18:14799731211002240.
[6] Arnold DT,Hamilton FW,Milne A,et al.Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up:results from a prospective UK cohort[J].Thorax,2021,76(4):399-401.
[7] Huang L,Li X,Gu X,et al.Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19:a longitudinal cohort study[J].Lancet Respir Med,2022,10(9):863-876.
[8] Zhao X,Nicholls JM,Chen YG.Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus nucleocapsid protein interacts with Smad3 and modulates transforming growth factor-beta signaling[J].J Biol Chem,2008,283(6):3272-3280.
[9] McDonald LT.Healing after COVID-19:are survivors at risk for pulmonary fibrosis?[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2021,320(2):L257-L265.
[10] Malik YA.Properties of coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2[J].Malays J Pathol,2020,42(1):3-11.
[11] López Loyo ES,González MJ,Esparza J.Venezuela is collapsing without COVID-19 vaccines[J].Lancet,2021,397(10287):1806.
[12] Puntmann VO,Carerj ML,Wieters I,et al.Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[J].JAMA Cardiol,2020,5(11):1265-1273.
[13] Dweck MR,Bularga A,Hahn RT,et al.Global evaluation of echocardiography in patients with COVID-19[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2020,21(9):949-958.
[14] Xiong Q,Xu M,Li J,et al.Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan,China:a single-centre longitudinal study[J].Clin Microbiol Infect,2021,27(1):89-95.
[15] Qin C,Zhou L,Hu Z,et al.Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan,China[J].Clin Infect Dis,2020,71(15):762-768.
[16] McGonagle D,O’Donnell JS,Sharif K,et al.Immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia[J].Lancet Rheumatol,2020,2(7):e437-e445.
[17] Kerr R,Stirling D,Ludlam CA.Interleukin 6 and haemostasis[J].Br J Haematol,2001,115(1):3-12.
[18] Stouthard JM,Levi M,Hack CE,et al.Interleukin-6 stimulates coagulation,not fibrinolysis,in humans[J].Thromb Haemost,1996,76(5):738-742.
[19] Varga Z,Flammer AJ,Steiger P,et al.Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19[J].Lancet,2020,395(10234):1417-1418.
[20] Gupta N,Zhao YY,Evans CE.The stimulation of thrombosis by hypoxia[J].Thromb Res,2019,181:77-83.
[21] Gralinski LE,Bankhead A 3rd,Jeng S,et al.Mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-induced acute lung injury[J].mBio,2013,4(4):e00271-e00213.
[22] McGonagle D,O’Donnell JS,Sharif K,et al.Immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia[J].Lancet Rheumatol,2020,2(7):e437-e445.
[23] Mao L,Jin H,Wang M,et al.Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan,China[J].JAMA Neurol,2020,77(6):683-690.
[24] Lechien JR,Chiesa-Estomba CM,De Siati DR,et al.Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19):a multicenter European study[J].Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol,2020,277(8):2251-2261.
[25] Kanjanaumporn J,Aeumjaturapat S,Snidvongs K,et al.Smell and taste dysfunction in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection:a review of epidemiology,pathogenesis,prognosis,and treatment options[J].Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol,2020,38(2):69-77.
[26] Vaira LA,Salzano G,Fois AG,et al.Potential pathogenesis of ageusia and anosmia in COVID-19 patients[J].Int Forum Allergy Rhinol,2020,10(9):1103-1104.
[27] Mazza MG,De Lorenzo R,Conte C,et al.Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors:role of inflammatory and clinical predictors[J].Brain Behav Immun,2020,89:594-600.
[28] Taquet M,Luciano S,Geddes JR,et al.Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder:retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA[J].Lancet Psychiatry,2021,8(2):130-140.
[29] Abdullahi A,Candan SA,Abba MA,et al.Neurological and musculoskeletal features of COVID-19:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Front Neurol,2020,11:687.
[30] Zacharias H,Dubey S,Koduri G,et al.Rheumatological complications of Covid 19[J].Autoimmun Rev,2021,20(9):102883.
[31] Marks M,Marks JL.Viral arthritis[J].Clin Med,2016,16(2):129-134.
[32] Piotrowicz K,Gasowski J,Michel JP,et al.Post-COVID-19 acute sarcopenia:physiopathology and management[J].Aging Clin Exp Res,2021,33(10):2887-2898.
[33] Fan E,Dowdy DW,Colantuoni E,et al.Physical complications in acute lung injury survivors:a two-year longitudinal prospective study[J].Crit Care Med,2014,42(4):849-859.
[34] Pan XW,Xu D,Zhang H,et al.Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak:a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis[J].Intensive Care Med,2020,46(6):1114-1116.
[35] Su H,Yang M,Wan C,et al.Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China[J].Kidney Int,2020,98(1):219-227.
[36] Chan L, Chaudhary K, Saha A, et al. AKI in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 [J]. J Am SocNephrol, 2021, 32(1): 151-160.
[37] Soriano JB,Murthy S,Marshall JC,et al.A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2022,22(4):e102-e107.
[38] Logue JK,Franko NM,McCulloch DJ,et al.Sequelae in adults at 6 months after COVID-19 infection[J].JAMA Netw Open,2021,4(2):e210830.
[39] Förster C,Colombo MG,Wetzel AJ,et al.Persisting symptoms after COVID-19[J].Dtsch Arztebl Int,2022,119(10):167-174.
[40] Nesan GSCQ,Keerthana D,Yamini R,et al.3-month symptom-based ambidirectional follow-up study among recovered COVID-19 patients from a tertiary care hospital using telehealth in Chennai,India[J].Inquiry,2021,58:469580211060165.
[41] Vargas Centanaro G,Calle Rubio M,álvarez-Sala Walther JL,et al.Long-term outcomes and recovery of patients who survived COVID-19:lung injury COVID-19 study[J].Open Forum Infect Dis,2022,9(4):ofac098.
[42] Labarca G,Henríquez-Beltrán M,Lastra J,et al.Analysis of clinical symptoms,radiological changes and pulmonary function data 4 months after COVID-19[J].Clin Respir J,2021,15(9):992-1002.
[43] Emecen AN,Keskin S,Turunc O,et al.The presence of symptoms within 6 months after COVID-19:a single-center longitudinal study[J].Ir J Med Sci,2023,192(2):741-750.
[44] Peter RS,Nieters A,Kräusslich HG,et al.Post-acute sequelae of covid-19 six to 12 months after infection:population based study[J].BMJ,2022,379:e071050.
PDF(787 KB)

Accesses

Citation

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/