Objective To analyze the surveillance results of natural population and vector monitoring of leptospirosis monitoring sites in Anhui Province,and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of leptospirosis. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the results of natural population and vector surveillance at leptospirosis surveillance sites in Anhui Province from 2014 to 2023.The main epidemic serogroups were explored by serological antibody detection and strain isolation and culture. Results From 2014 to 2023,a total of 3 779 serum samples were collected from natural population in Anhui Province.The positive rate of serum antibody was 4.66% (176/3 779),with a predominantly icteric hemorrhagic group of 89.20% (157/176).A total of 1 687 rat kidney specimens were cultured,with a bacterial-carrying rate of 18.67% (315/1 687),a rat density of 6.61% (2 803/42 402),and a bacterial-carrying index of 7.94%.Apodemus agaricus was the dominant species,accounting for 88.58% (2 483/2 803).The positive rate of serum antibody in the natural population of Huai River Basin (5.67%,121 /2135) was higher than that in the mountains of south Anhui Province (3.35%,55 /1 644) (χ²=11.277,P<0.001).The positive rate of serum antibody in the mountainous of south Anhui Province showed a downward trend (χ${ }_{trend}^{2}$=10.363, P=0.001).The serum antibody positive rate of the natural population in the mountainous area of southern Anhui Province was higher in males (4.12%,31 /752) than in females (2.29%,19 /831) (χ²=4.350,P=0.044).The positive rate of serum antibody in people 40 aged and above (4.21%,48/1 140) was higher than that in people aged 39 and below (2.04%,9 /442) (χ²=4.335,P=0.037).The rat density (11.54%,1 099 /9 524) (χ²=12.836,P<0.001) and the bacterial carrier rate (16.47%,97/589) (χ²=29.168,P<0.001) of Huai River Basin in autumn were significantly higher than those in spring.The bacterial carrier rate (χ${ }_{trend}^{2}$=9.645, P=0.002) and bacterial-carrying index (χ${ }_{trend}^{2}$=41.151, P<0.001) in the mountainous of south Anhui Province showed a downward trend, and the rat density of Huai River Basin showed a downward trend (χ${ }_{trend}^{2}$=381.119, P<0.001), the bacterial carrier rate showed an upward trend (χ${ }_{trend}^{2}$=4.419, P=0.036). Conclusion The epidemic serogroup of leptospirosis in Anhui province is mainly the icteric hemorrhagic group.The epidemic characteristics of leptospirosis in the mountains of south Anhui are different with those in the Huai River Basin,so the prevention and control should be targeted.