Objective To analyze the evolution and variation characteristics of the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza A (H1N1) virus in Quanzhou City,Fujian Province in 2023,and to provide data support for influenza prevention and control. Methods Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to perform nucleic acid detection of influenza surveillance specimens in Quanzhou City in 2023.The nucleic acid-positive specimens were then cultured,identified,and typed by MDCK cells.The positive strains of influenza A (H1N1) virus were selected for high-throughput third-generation sequencing.Nucleic acid was captured by efficient reverse transcription and whole genome amplification.The ligation method was used to sequence multiple sample DNA libraries for on-machine sequencing to obtain the HA and NA gene sequences of 18 influenza A (H1N1) viruses.The gene sequences of 37 viruses were downloaded from the NCBI virus library,and the Mega software was used to construct evolutionary trees for variation analysis. Results Eleven of the 18 influenza A (H1N1) virus strains were located in the same evolutionary branch and were closely related to the vaccine strain A/Victoria/4897/2022.The remaining seven strains were located in three branches and were genetically close to the influenza A (H1N1) viruses isolated from other regions in China in 2023.Compared with the vaccine strain A/Victoria/4897/2022,the HA gene and NA gene coding region fragments of the 18 influenza A (H1N1) strains had nucleotide variations.The major mutations of the HA gene included Q54K, N130K, S137P, R142K, A216T, R223Q, E260N/D, A277T, D356S/E, V418I/S, H454N/T, and the major mutations of the NA gene include D50N, K51Q, F66Y, S74F, K222N, E382G, K389I, I452T, M453V, N469K. Conclusion The HA and NA genes of the influenza A (H1N1) virus are gradually mutating in Quanzhou City in 2023.It is necessary to continue to monitor the evolution and mutation of the HA and NA genes of the influenza A(H1N1) virus in order to prevent the occurrence of a pandemic.