Objective To understand the fairness of resource allocation in professional public health institutions in Anhui Province from 2018 to 2022,and provide a basis for relevant departments to scientifically plan public health resources. Methods Using the average annual growth rate to describe the growth of resources in professional public health institutions in Anhui Province,and using the health resource agglomeration degree (HRAD) and population agglomeration degree (PAD) to evaluate the fairness of resource allocation in professional public health institutions in Anhui Province. Results The average annual growth rates of the number of professional public health institutions,bed capacity,personnel,public health technicians,the proportion of public health technicians in the province,and public health personnel per 10 000 population in Anhui Province from 2018 to 2022 were -5.87%,12.51%,9.73%,10.08%,0.97%,and 9.50%,respectively.The HRAD of professional public health institutions,bed capacity,and public health technicians in Anhui Province were all > 1,but the difference between HRAD and PAD was < 0 and the ratio of the two was < 1,from 2018 to 2022. Conclusion The total resource growth rate of professional public health institutions in Anhui Province is relatively fast.According to geographical area,the fairness of the allocation of professional public health institutions,bed capacity,and public health technicians in Anhui Province is relatively good,but the allocation of public health resources is still in a state of lack.It is essential to continuously improve and expand public health resources,and to increase per capita access to these resources in order to meet the basic public health service needs of the population.