Objective To analyze the situation of microbial contamination of rural centralized water supply and cellar water in the western mountainous area of Anyang,Henan Province,and to provide scientific basis for the management of drinking water safety in mountainous rural areas. Methods The monitoring data of microbial indicators of drinking water in the western mountainous areas of Anyang were collected from 2021 to 2023.According to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006 and GB 5749-2022),three microbial indicators (total number of colonies,total coliforms,heat-resistant coliforms) of factory water,terminal water and cellar water of centralized water supply project were evaluated and analyzed. Results From 2021 to 2023,a total of 1 628 samples of factory water and terminal water from centralized water supply projects were monitored.The qualification rates of factory water and terminal water were 97.30% (792/814) and 96.68% (787/814),respectively,with no statistically significant difference (χ²=0.337,P=0.562).A total of 4 060 cellar water samples were monitored,with a qualification rate of 70.59% (2 866/4 060).The qualification rate of terminal water samples in centralized water supply projects was higher than that of cellar water,and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=244.469,P<0.001).The qualification rates of terminal water in water supply projects from 2021 to 2023 were 94.44% (255/270),98.53% (268/272) and 97.06% (264/272),respectively,with no statistically significant difference (χ²=2.867,P=0.238).The qualification rates of cellar water from 2021 to 2023 were 36.73% (494/1 345),90.66% (1 235/1 360) and 83.91% (1 137/1 355),respectively,with statistically significant difference (χ²=1 126.486,P<0.001).Among the 4 060 cellar water samples,the qualification rate of heat-resistant coliforms was the highest (88.92%,3 609/4 060),followed by coliforms (78.20%,3 175/4 060),and the qualification rate of total bacterial count was the lowest (76.77%,3 114/4 060),with statistically significant difference (χ²=235.702,P<0.001). Conclusion The qualified rate of microbial indicators in centralized water supply in mountainous rural areas is relatively high,while that of cellar water is low.It is recommended that relevant departments take measures to ensure the drinking water safety of residents in mountainous rural areas.