Objective To understand the incidence of common diseases among primary and secondary school students in Yichun City,so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of common diseases among students.Methods A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used,61 primary and secondary schools were selected from 10 counties (cities,districts) in Yichun City in 2023,with at least two classes (more than 80 students) selected from each grade level for physical examinations.The common disease detection rate was calculated,and SPSS 22.0 was used for statistical analysis.The comparison of rates was performed using χ² test and trend χ² test.Results A total of 23 659 students were monitored,including 12 743 males (53.86%) and 10 916 females (46.14%),11 187 primary school students (47.28%),5 874 junior high school students (24.83%),and 6 598 senior high school students (27.89%).The detection rates of common diseases among primary and secondary school students in Yichun City were as follows: low vision rate at 63.65%,permanent tooth caries at 35.48%,overweight at 13.63%,obesity at 9.86%,thinness at 8.70%,and abnormal spinal curvature at 1.18%.With the increase of educational stages,the detection rates of low vision ($\chi_{\text { trend }}^{2}$=2 402.605,P<0.001),permanent tooth caries ($\chi_{\text { trend }}^{2}$=1 144.873,P<0.001),overweight ($\chi_{\text { trend }}^{2}$=36.252,P<0.001),and abnormal spinal curvature ($\chi_{\text { trend }}^{2}$=116.096,P<0.001) showed an upward trend,while the rates of thinness ($\chi_{\text { trend }}^{2}$=100.237,P<0.001) and obesity ($\chi_{\text { trend }}^{2}$=27.363,P<0.001) showed a downward trend.Conclusion The detection rates of common diseases among primary and secondary school students in Yichun City are relatively high.Thus,effective measures should be taken to improve students' health level.