Objective To investigate the current status of occupational health examination institutions in Bengbu City, evaluate their adaptation after the implementation of the Anhui Provincial Occupational Health Examination Institution Filing Management Measures, and provide evidence for strengthening process and post-implementation supervision as well as enhancing service capacity. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed on the attributes, geographical distribution, service categories, personnel structure, and workload data from 2023 to 2024 of all 11 filed institutions in the city. Results Eleven institutions covered three counties and four districts across the city, including seven public comprehensive medical institutions, three private medical institutions, and one occupational disease prevention and control center. Only one occupational disease prevention and control center (9.09%, 1/11) possessing all six types of qualifications. Among the 345 health technicians, 34.78% (120/345) held senior titles, with 93 of them concentrated in public comprehensive medical institutions. In terms of professional composition, clinical medicine accounted for 44.35% (153/345), while preventive medicine accounted for only 1.45% (5/345). The distribution of educational qualifications varied among institutions: undergraduate personnel accounted for 84.73% (172/203) in public comprehensive medical institutions and 80.00% (44/55) in occupational disease prevention and control centers, while personnel with college degrees or below accounted for 57.47% (50/87) in private institutions. The qualification holding rate of the primary examining physician was 80.00% (16/20). The detection rate of occupational contraindications in public comprehensive medical institutions from 2023 to 2024 (1.37%, 200/14 592) was higher than that in private institutions (0.55%, 89/16 158). Conclusion Occupational health examination institutions in Bengbu City face challenges such as suboptimal personnel allocation, insufficient key qualifications, and variable inspection quality in private medical institutions. It is recommended to enhance professional capacity building and quality control, leverage the leading role of the occupational disease prevention and treatment center, implement differentiated supervision, and promote the high-quality development of occupational health examination services.