Objective To understand the distribution pattern of avian influenza virus in the environment and evaluate the risk of avian influenza to human population in Puer,so as to take the control measures. Methods From 2014 to 2017, 246 avian influenza specimens were collected from different locations in various environments in each winter and spring. Influenza A virus nucleic acid was detected using florescent RT-PCR, and those specimens tested positive were further subject to nucleic acid typing of the H5, H7, H9 or N subtype. Statistical analysis was performed on the surveillance data using Excel software. Results Among the 246 avian influenza specimens collected from the environment, the total positivity for influenza A virus was 24.80%. 7.72% and 4.88% of the specimens positive for influenza A virus were positive for the highly pathogenic subtypes H9 and H5, respectively, and 2.03% of these specimens were positive for both the H5 and H9 subtypes; the H7 subtype was not detected throughout the 4 years. All the positive specimens were detected in live poultry market, accounting for the positivity of 41.50%. Among different specimen types, those collected from waste water produced from animal treatment and those collected from swabs of poultry meat board had the highest positivity (71.79% and 55.26%, respectively). Conclusion Contamination with the avian influenza virus subtypes including H5 and H9 is present in the environment of Puer city.Live poultry market is a high risk of human infection with avian influenza.