Objective To understand the knowledge awareness of mental health and mental illness prevention among women of childbearing age in Chizhou prefecture,and provide scientific making countermeasures of women's mental health education measures. Methods A stratified random sampling method was used to investigate mental health knowledge of 1819 women between 15 to 49 years old from residents using a questionnaire survey for their mental health knowledge. Results The awareness rate of mental health and mental illness prevention knowledge was 81.3%, among them, the correct rate of knowing mental health day was the lowest, which was 22.8%. There were significant differences in the awareness rate of mental health and mental disease prevention among the different groups, age, marital status and education level. Conclusion The awareness rate on knowledge on mental health and mental illness prevention among women of childbearing age in Chizhou prefure was relatively high,but awareness rate of the knowledge on mental illness and the related anniversaries was relatively,and this phenomenon should be paid attention to. Efforts should be made to strengthen the propaganda and education of mental health and mental illness prevention for women with low educational level, over 30 years of age, divorced and widowed women and general women.