Objective To study the composition of bacterial pathogens in patients with fever and respiratory tract syndrome in Bengbu city. Methods All samples of sputum, throat swabs, blood and urine were collected for each patient with fever and respiratory symptoms in accordance with the technical special monitoring program. Sputum and blood were collected for Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Group A Streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), Haemophilus influenzae (HI), Legionella bacteria (LB) culture. Multiple fluorescence quantitative PCR nucleic acid detection of the seven pathogenic bacteria and CP and MP of the specimens were carried out for the negative culture. The nucleic acid detection of CP and MP was detected in the swab samples, and the urine specimens were detected by colloidal gold method for the rapid detection of specific antigens of SP and LB. Results 1 case of SA was cultured in 241 samples of sputum . Detection of 9 pathogenic bacteria in sputum samples by fluorescence PCR nucleic acid. The positive rate of SP was 19.09%, HI positive rate was 10.79%, MP positive rate was 7.88%, KP positive rate was 6.64%, SA positive rate was 6.22%, PA positive rate was 5.39%, GAS positive rate was 2.9%, the positive rate of CP 2.07%, LB was not detected. Conclusion The pathogen of fever associated with respiratory tract syndrome in Bengbu city was mainly SP, followed by HI, MP, KP, SA and PA infection rate, GAS and CP infection rate were low.