Objective To evaluate the death level of residents in Anhui, and analyze the main diseases affecting the death and the life span of the residents. Methods The surveillance data of death cause among 24 disease surveillance points system (DSPs) of Anhui in 2016 were collected. By using the coefficient of aging, mortality after misreporting adjustment, standardized mortality, cause-free life expectancy and Fulfillment index, the data were analyzed and described from the perspective of gender, age and areas. Results In 2016, the aging of the population was observed in Anhui. The overall mortality was 705.89/10⁵, the standardized mortality was 551.42/10⁵. The overall mortality varied with gender (U_gender=45.40,P＜0.01), and areas (U_area=-8.70,P＜0.01).The mortality was 802.35/10⁵ in male, in female, that was 608.28/10⁵.The mortality of urban and rural areas was 682.19/10⁵ and 719.37/10⁵ respectively. The mortality of infants was 630.04/10⁵. Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) accounted for 88.50% of all deaths. After removing cerebrovascular disease, malignant tumor, heart disease, respiratory disease and injury, the life expectancy of Anhui residents increased by 3.26 years, 3.20 years, 2.83 years, 1.27 years and 1.03 years respectively. Cerebrovascular diseases, malignant tumors, heart diseases, respiratory diseases and injuries were the major causes of death and diseases that have a greater impact on life expectancy. Among the death causes and the diseases that have the greatest impact on life expectancy, the top one in male or urban residents was malignant tumors. Cerebrovascular disease and heart disease was juxtaposed as the first in female. The top one in rural residents was cerebrovascular disease. Fulfillment index showed that perinatal diseases and congenital abnormalities had a greater impact on life expectancy in residents aged 0-1 years, injury was the most important factor affecting life span of residents aged 1-39 years,infectious diseases had a great influence on preschool children's life expectancy. Cerebrovascular disease, heart disease and other NCD among the top five causes of death mainly affected the life expectancy of residents over 40 years old. Of which, the effects of cerebrovascular diseases, heart diseases and respiratory diseases on life span increased with age, and the effect of malignant tumor on life expectancy of residents aged 40-74 years was more prominent. Conclusion It is worth noting that four of the top five causes of death and life expectancy are NCD, and the proportion of NCD in the total deaths has been increasing in recent years. NCD and injuries are the current focus of disease prevention and control in Anhui. The prevention and control strategies should be formulated according to different gender, areas and age.