Objective To evaluate the representativeness of death monitoring data and calculate the probability of premature death of four kinds of chronic diseases at municipal level. Methods Based on the evaluation of death-causes data, the probability of premature death of chronic diseases was analyzed. Results In 2017, 8 of 16 cities in Anhui province had better representativeness of death cause monitoring data, one city had no representativeness at the municipal level, and the other seven cities remain to be discussed.In 2017, the mortality rate of four major chronic diseases in Anhui province was 275.76 / 10⁵, the standardized rate was 136.68 / 10⁵,and the probability of premature death was 13.76%.The premature death probability of the four major chronic diseases in each city was higher in the north areas than that in the south areas,and the rate of malignant tumor and cardiovascular disease was relatively high among four major chronic diseases. Conclusion The premature death probability of four kinds of chronic diseases in Anhui is at a relatively high level.Strengthening the prevention and control of malignant tumors and cardiovascular diseases and promoting residents' healthy lifestyle actions in an all-round way, especially in northern areas, will help to reduce the probability of premature death of four kinds of chronic diseases.